Cell function Bio

cell wall

plant; protects, supports, and shapes plant cell

cell membrane

both; thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell (semi-permeable)

nucleus

both; A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction/contains genetic info/stores&protects DNA

nucleolus

both; used in production of ribosomes/found in nucleus

mitochondria

both; produces ATP/site of aerobic respiration

chloroplast

plant; carries out photosynthesis & stores energy from sunlight as chemical energy

ribosomes

both; links amino acids acids together=form proteins/found on surface of ER & floating in cytoplasm

rough endoplasmic reticulum

both; makes membranes/plays role in protein synthesis, protein, & protein folding

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

both; synthesizes lipids/detoxifies

golgi apparatus

both; where proteins & lipids are modified, put into packages, and carried to other parts of cell

lysosomes

both; contains enzymes/protect cell by attacking bacteria and viruses/digest or break down old cell parts

central vacuole

plant; contains water and wastes/(A membranous sac in a mature plant cell with diverse roles in reproduction, growth, and development.)??

cytoskeleton

both; network of protein fibers that give cell shape, support, and strength

centrioles

animal; help form cilia & flagella/ involved in cell division

cilia & flagella

animal; help cells move/ move liquids past a cell

cell theory

-all living things are made of cells

-all cells come from other living cells

-cell is the most basic unit of life

prokaryotic cell

cell that does not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.

eukaryotic cell

cell that has a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

cytoplasm

both; jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

vesicle

both; small sacs that carry diff molecules to where they are needed (think vehicle)

phospholipid

makes up cell membrane; has phosphate group, a glycerol, 2 fatty acids

hydrophilic

the head of a phospholipid molecule that is attracted to water

hydrophobic

the tail of a phospholipid molecule that is repelled by water

phospholipid bilayer

fluid mosaic model

used to describe cell membrane=

membrane is fluid bc the phospholipids in each layer can move & slide

selective permeability

cell membrane has _ =allows some materials to to cross it (semipermeable)

carbohydrate chain

attached to the phospholipids or proteins, cell identification

glycoprotein

used for communication

glycolipid

used for communication

surface protein

A protein that resides primarily on the inner or outer surface of the phospholipid bilayer; gives stability for membrane (peripheral protein)

cholesterol

helps keep membrane stable; issa steroid; belongs in between phospholipid

transport protein

helps substances move across the cell membrane (aka membrane spanning, integral proteins)

concentration gradient

when there's a difference in concentration of a particle on either side of a membrane (like a current in a river; molecules will move along this until they reach equilibrium)

passive transport

movement of molecules w/o a cell using energy

concentration gradient

difference in the concentration of a substance from one location to another (like a current in a river)

diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. moving down/along concen. gradient

*have a natural kinetic energy

*no energy needed

osmosis

the diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane

types of passive transport

diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

isotonic

when a solution has the same concentration of solutes that a cell has

hypertonic

when a solution has higher concentration of solutes than a cell

->cell has higher concen. of water than the surrounding fluid=water diffuses out=cell shrinks

hypotonic

when a solution has lower concentration of solutes than a cell

->cell has lower concen. of water than the surrounding fluid=water diffuses in cell=cell grows

facilitated diffusion

process of diffusion in which molecules pass across the membrane through cell membrane channels (transport proteins help them)

*doesn't need energy

active transport

the process by which cells use energy to transport molecules through the cell membrane from areas of low to high concentration (up/against concen. gradient)

homeostasis

process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

endocytosis

A process in which cell takes in materials from the outside by engulfing and fusing them with its plasma membrane.

phagocytosis

type of endocytosis; cell membrane grows out to surround large particles

-plays important role in immune system when white blood cells eat bacteria/invaders

cell eating

exocytosis

Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material/waste

endocytosis and exocytosis

types of active transport: low to high concen & requires energy

solute

A substance that is dissolved in a solution. (salt)

solvent

the substance in which the solute dissolves (water)

equilibrium

A state of balance; particles move along concentration gradient until a state of ___ is reached

diffusion

moves small nonpolar/polar molecules from an area of higher concentration of molecules to an area where molecules are less concentrated(less dense)

lysis

destruction of a cell: cells swell & burst

facilitated diffusion

molecules will randomly move through the pores using special channel proteins (no energy required)

pinocytosis

type of endocytosis; cell takes in molecules by "pinching" off a small portion of the the membrane.