Unit 20+21+22: Participant Roles, Words meaning, Speach Acts

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Last updated 6:56 AM on 6/9/26
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15 Terms

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Agent

The person who deliberately carries out the action described.

Example: Trong câu "John opened the door", John là Agent.

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Affected/Patient

The thing or person upon which the action is carried out.

Example: Trong câu "John opened the door", the door là Affected.

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Instrument

The thing by means of which the action is carried out.

Example: Trong câu "John opened the door with the key", the key là Instrument.

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Location

The place where the action described by a sentence takes place.

Trong câu "It is windy in Edinburgh", in Edinburgh là Location.

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Beneficiary

The person for whose benefit or detriment the action is carried out.

E.g: Trong câu "Ruth knitted Bryan a sweater", Bryan là Beneficiary.

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Experiencer

A person who mentally perceives or experiences the state, but is not in control. Người tri giác hoặc trải nghiệm trạng thái bằng tinh thần nhưng không kiểm soát tình huống.

Example: Trong câu "Jane saw a movie", Jane là Experiencer.

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Theme

A thing or person whose location is described, or who is perceived by an Experiencer. Vật hoặc người có vị trí được miêu tả, hoặc được tri giác bởi Nghiệm thể.

Example: Trong câu "The Honda belongs to Jim", The Honda là Theme.

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Performative Utterance (Phát ngôn biểu hiện)

An utterance that performs an act and simultaneously describes that act.

E.g: "I apologize" (Tôi xin lỗi) là một phát ngôn biểu hiện vì việc nói ra chính là hành động xin lỗi.

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Constative Utterance (Phát ngôn xác tín)

An utterance which makes an assertion but is not performative

E.g: "I'm trying to get this box open" (Tôi đang cố mở cái hộp này) chỉ miêu tả sự việc chứ không phải hành động "cố gắng" được thực hiện bằng lời.

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The Hereby Test

A test to identify performative utterances; if hereby can be inserted acceptably, the utterance is performative

Example: "I hereby warn you" (Tôi tại đây cảnh báo bạn) là hợp lệ

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Illocutionary Act (Hành vi tại lời)

The act viewed in terms of its significance within a social system (the speaker's intention)

Illocutions are acts defined by social conventions, acts such as accosting, accusing, admitting, apologizing, challenging, complaining, condoling, congratulating, declining, deploring, giving permission, giving way, greeting, leavetaking, mocking, naming, offering, praising, promising, proposing marriage, protesting, recommending, surrendering, thanking, toasting.

Example: Nói "I'm sorry" thực hiện hành động xin lỗi.

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Perlocutionary Act

The act of causing a certain effect on the hearer (often accidental or outside the speaker's control)

E.g: ‘There’s a hornet in your left ear’, it may well cause you to panic, scream and scratch wildly at your ear.

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Phonic Act

The phonic act is the physical act of making vocal sounds

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Propositional Act

the propositional act is the mental act of referring and predicating

E.g: A parrot says ‘Fire. ’Một con vẹt nói "Fire" có thực hiện hành vi phát âm nhưng không thực hiện hành vi mệnh đề vì nó không hiểu nghĩa.

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Distinguishing Illocution and Perlocution

Illocutions are intended, under the speaker's control, and evident as the utterance is made; perlocutions are not always intended or under control. Bạn có thể quyết định cảnh báo (illocution) ai đó, nhưng không thể chắc chắn mình sẽ thuyết phục (perlocution) được họ.