Growth and Development
All organisms have the ability to grow and develop.
Maintain Homeostasis
Organisms must maintain a steady state of internal condition despite varying conditions
Reproduction
The ability to reproduce more organisms of their own kind.
Response to Environment or Stimuli
Organisms have the ability to respond to their surroundings.
Adaptation
a process of an organism adjusting to better match its environment.
Positive Response
Reaction towards stimulus
Negative Response
Reaction away from stimulus
Energy Processing
All organisms require energy for their cellular metabolic activities to occur.
Autotrophic organisms
producers who can make their own food through the energy from the sun
Heterotrophic organisms
consumers who need to take in substances as food to be broken down into energy.
Organized
Organisms form highly organized and coordinated structures in order to function properly
Cell
The smallest functional unit of all living things.
DNA
Carries genetic materials. Without it, livings things would not be able to pass
microscope
an instrument used to see objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye.
Zacharias Janssen
A Dutch spectacle-maker Inventor of one-lense microscope
Galileo Galilei
Discoverer of Telescope Two-lense Microscope: a bi-convex objective and a bi-concave eyepiece.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Father of Microbiology First to discover bacteria and protozoa Discovered bacteria from the dental scrapings of his teeth Discovered protozoa through a raindrop sample
Animalcules
what leeuwenhoek called protozoa and bacteria
Robert Hooke
Coined the term “cell”
piece of cork stripped from the trunk of the Cork Oak tree
san pinangalan ni hooke ung cell
Micrographia
hooke's book containing all of his observations through various lenses.
“My new bodies”
english title of hooke's book
Matthias Schlieden
German Botanist “Every plant is made up of cells”
Theodor Schwann
A zoologist “Every animal is made up of cells”
Rudolf Virchow
Father of Modern Pathology
“omnis cellula e cellula”
“every cell stems from another cell.”
Biogenesis
“Life came from life”
Spontaneous Generation
“Life came from the non-living”
All known living things are made up of cells. The cell is a structural and functional unit of all living things. All cells come from pre-existing cells by division.
Postulates of Cell Theory
All cells contain hereditary information which is passed from cell to cell during division. All cells are basically the same in chemical composition. All energy flow of life occurs within cells.
Additional Postulates of Cell Theory
Proteins
Large, complex molecules play several critical roles in the body.
Carbohydrates
Its most important function is being the primary source of energy.
Lipids
The basic building blocks for all cells and they play many important and varied roles.
Nucleic Acids
Two types: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) Also referred to as the “thread of
endosymbiotic theory
it was about 2 billion years ago when some large prokaryote managed to create a nucleus by folding its cell membrane in on itself and it may have appeared after prokaryotic cells joined together to form a bigger organism.
Nucleus
Found majority on eukaryotic cells and considered as the largest organelle, accounting for around 10% of the cell’s volume.
Cell compartmentalization
The process of selectively permeable nuclear envelope separates the contents of the nucleus from that of the cytoplasm. Sabi ni miss eto daw ung nakakafunction ung mga organelles on their own kasi may barrier sila na membrane so sabay-sabay sila.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Major site of synthesis in the cell
rough endoplasmic reticulum
takes proteins from the cytosol and continues its production in the golgi apparatus until completion.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
is important in lipid, phospholipid and steroid synthesis.
Golgi Apparatus
Modifies proteins and lipids which are obtained from the endoplasmic reticulum.
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell It has inner and outer membrane with an intermembrane space in between
Lysosomes
An acidic membrane-bound organelle that contain numerous hydrolytic enzymes which catalyze hydrolysis reactions
Vacuoles
Surrounded by a membrane called tonoplast which encloses fluid containing inorganic materials like water and organic materials like nutrients and enzymes.
Vacuoles
It acts as a storage for nutrients as well as waste materials to protect the cell from toxicity.
Vesicles
A membrane-bound organelle containing liquid or cytosol which is enclosed by a lipid bilayer.
Chloroplast
A type of plastid that involved in photosynthesis in plants and algae
It contains high concentration of chlorophyll that traps sunlight
Non-membrane bound cell organelles
Organelles that are not fluid-filled and do not need to be separated from the rest of the cell in the same way as membrane-bound organelles.
Ribosomes
Structure of cell which produces protein.
prokaryotes are about 60% rRNA and 40% protein, while the eukaryotes can be very evenly divided between the two.
percentage of rRNA and protien in prokaryotes
Centrioles
An organelle that helps cells divide or make copies of themselves.
Cytoskeleton
A network of microscopic molecular filaments found in the cytoplasm of all nucleated eukaryotic cells.
tissues
made up of cells which share a similar structure and function.
Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous.
Animals are made up of four basic tissue types:
Epithelial tissue
Closely packed sheets of cells covering surfaces and cavities of the body wall
Connective tissue
It is made up of cells that suspended in an extracellular matrix
Muscle tissue
Muscle fibers contain actin and myosin proteins which allow them to contract
Skeletal muscle
striated-striped muscle
Smooth muscle
Found in blood vessel walls, digestive tract walls, uterus, urinary bladder and various other internal structures
Cardiac muscle
Found in the walls of the heart Striated but not voluntary Individual fibers are bound by intercalated disks, allowing them to contract synchronously
Nervous tissue
Involved in the collection and transmitting of information through detecting stimuli—external & internal signals
Neurons/Nerve cells
Main functioning structure Generate electrical signals, nerve impulses/action potentials, that allow neurons to transmit information quickly
Glia
Promote neuronal activity
dermal, vascular, and ground tissue.
Plants are made up of what tissue?
Dermal tissue
Covers and protects the plant and monitors exchange of gases and absorption of water in roots
Vascular tissue
Transports water, minerals, and sugars into different parts of the plant
Ground tissue
Perform different functions depending on the type and position of the cells in the plant
Microvilli
brush/striated border Finger-like cytoplasmic extensions of the apical surface which increase surface area for absorption Numerous and often regularly arranged and found in absorptive epithelia
Cilia
Short hair-like structures Core is composed of microtubules arranged in a specific manner and each cilium is connected to a basal body and extends from a free surface Function: movement/motility, beats in coordinated rhythmical wave-like manner
Flagella
Same axial structure with cilia but longer Function: movement Present in the tail of spermatozoa
Basal Infoldings
Support the epithelium and functions as passive molecular sieve or ultrafilter Present also in mitochondria that suggests active transport is occuring
Tight Junctions
Intercellular adhesion complexes in epithelia and endothelia that control paracellular permeability
Phospholipid bilayer
two-layer of phospholipid oriented in opposite direction
fatty acids
phosphate group: head - _______: tails
glycerol molecule
It is bonded to a phosphate “head” group and two fatty-acid “tails”
phylic [water-loving] (Polar)
the phospate head is hydro___
phobic [water-hating] (non-polar)
the tail end of phospate is hydro_____
amphiphilic/amphiphatic
Since phospholipid molecule is comprised of two different ends it is called ___
selective permeability
it pertains to allowing only certain substances to pass through the phospholipid bilayer because of its hydrophobic middle portion
Alcohol and Phosphate
The head of a phopholipid bulayer is made of ____ and ______
lipids
The phospholipid tail are chains of
location and function
Proteins can further be classified based on _______ and _______
Integral Proteins
also known as intrinsic proteins that are embedded entirely in the lipid bilayer
Peripheral Proteins
they are attached to either inner or outer layer of the phospholipid bilayer.
Studied by 36 People