Hooke
Discovered cells
Mathisschieiden
concluded all plants are made of cells
Theodore Schwann
concluded all animals are made of cells
Rudolf Vichow
concluded all living things are made of cells
Leeuwenhoek
Made the microscope;made of number of observations while observing pond
Cell Theory
1.All living things are composed of cells 2.Cells are basic unit structure and function in all living things 3.New cells are produced from existing cells
Prokaryote
No nucleus, single loop of DNA, much smaller and has a cell wall, bacteria and unicellular
Eukaryote
DNA strands bond in nucleus, Some have cell walls while others have cytoskeletons and Some are unicellular while others are multicellular
Cytoplasm
Water-based solution containing the building blocks of Proteins (Amino Acids)
Cytosol
the water based solvent in the cytoplasm
Organelles
Structures in the cytoplasm with specific functions
Nucleus
Contains the DNA in the cell
Nuclear envelope
semipermeable membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm; has pores on its surface
Nucleoplasm
fluid made of water and nucleotides (building blocks of RNA and DNA)
Nucleolus
organelle found inside nucleus that builds ribosomes to release into the cytoplasm
DNA
Nucleic acid chains containing instructions for making protein
Chromatin
long strands of DNA when the cell is active in making proteins
chromosomes
histones to form condensed (inactive) strands
Histones
Strands wrap around spool-like proteins
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
A series of membrane surrounding the nucleus providing a protected environment for molecules released form the nucleus
Rough ER
contain ribosomes on surface making them appear 'rough' under a CLM, Produce Proteins
Smooth ER
no ribosomes on surface, Produce and secrete lipids; aid in the digestion of toxins (detoxification)
Ribosomes
Made in the nucleolus, build proteins using instructions from RNA
Fixed Ribosomes
found on the rough ER, make proteins from secretion from the cell
Free Ribosomes
found in the cytoplasm, make proteins that functions inside the cell
Golgi Body
1st organelle discovered was discovered by Camillo Golgi, it folds and packages proteins made in the Rough ER into vesicles for secretion from the cell (exocytosis)
Lysosomes
Vacuoles filled with digestive enzyme to digest proteins, lipids and carbs and NA's, Recycle organelles, bacteria and viruses in the cell (immune system), Aid in cell suicide by rupturing simultaneously
Vacuoles
Act as storage tank for cell, Help plants maintain structure by supporting cell wall with pressure, Stores starch, pigments, protein and fat in different tissue types
Mitochondria
Converts Carbohydrates into energy molecules for the cell, Oxygen consuming organelle (mDNA), Descendent of bacteria in a symbiotic relationship with the eukaryotic cell, Divide on their own
Chloroplasts (Photosynthesis)
Only in plants, Contain pigment that aids in absorbing light energy to make carbohydrates (cDNA), Symbiotic prokaryotes in a relationship with early plant, Divide on their own
Microtubule
rigid tubes that serve as 'bones' and aids in cell division, used by organelles for movement, only in animal cells
Microfilament
contractible fibers anchored to membrane that enable changes in cell shape, act as muscle, aid in cell division, only in animal cells
Centriole
Microtubules that aid in cell division by anchoring the poles, Anchor tails for movement, 2 centrioles form a centrosome
Cell membrane
bilayer of phospholipids molecules, semi-permeable membrane that allows only small, water insoluble molecules to pass through
Phosphate heads
are water soluble (hydrophilic),
Phosphate tail or fatty acid chains
are water insoluble (hydrophobic)
Carbohydrate chains
enables immune cells to identity 'self' cells
Cholesterol molecules
prevents phospholipids molecules from aligning to crystalize(freezing)
Channel proteins
provide a selective corridor for large or polar molecules , either require energy to work as pumps or passively as gates
Passive transport
high to low concentration; do not require energy
Active transport
low to high concentration; require energy
Solutions
A mixture with a liquid and solid phase evenly mixed
Solvent
the liquid phase of the solution, generally water(aqueous solution)
Solute
the solid phase of a solution, usually measure in % based on grams/100 ML of solution
Diffusion
the passive movement of molecules from a solution of high solute concentration to a solution of low solute concentration thru semi-permeable membrane
Facilitated diffusion
the passive movement of particles unable to pass through the cell membrane by means of channel protein
Osmosis
special form of diffusion; involves the passive movement of water (the solvent) from high to low concentration across the semipermeable membrane
Aquaporin
a protein channel exclusive to the transport of water through the cell membrane
Hypertonic
a solution with higher solute concentration than the cytoplasm; causes shrinking
Studied by 33 People