problem solving

Intelligence

The cognitive ability of an individual to learn from experience, reason well, remember important information, and cope with the demands of daily living

Sternberg's Analytic Intelligence

Involves analyzing, evaluating, and judgment; sometimes called "book smarts"

Sternberg's Creative Intelligence

Involves new ways to approach problems

Sternberg's Practical Intelligence

Applying abilities to everyday problems; sometimes called "street smarts"

Deductive reasoning

Using general information →specific conclusion (e.g., deciding not to drive after a snowstorm due to icy roads)

Inductive reasoning

Using specific facts or observations to formulate a general theory

What reasoning is used to generate a hypothesis? interpret data? in scientific method

Uses deductive reasoning to generate a hypothesis, and uses inductive reasoning to interpret data

Functional fixedness

Difficulty seeing alternative uses for common objects (e.g., using paper as a dustpan)

operational definition

a clearly defined description of a construct that can be observed and measured

Well-defined problem

A problem with a clear starting position, rules, and end goal

Ill-defined problem

A problem without a clear starting position, rules, or end goal

Reliability (intelligence testing)

Produces the same result when taken multiple times by the same person

Validity (intelligence testing)

Measures the trait it is supposed to be measuring

Howard Gardner's 8 intelligences

Verbal, mathematical, musical, spatial, kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic

IQ (modern intelligence testing)

Mean score is 100, with a standard deviation of 15, forming a normal distribution

Nature (intelligence)

Refers to genetic and hereditary factors

Nurture (intelligence)

Refers to environmental factors, experiences, and relationships

Twin studies

Monozygotic twins have more similar intelligence than siblings due to genetics

Adoption studies

Both genes and the environment play a role in determining intelligence

Flynn effect

Observation that raw IQ scores have steadily increased since 1932

Wechsler scale

IQ scores of 115 mean higher performance than a score of 115 achieved 10 years earlier

Schema (Piaget)

A mental framework for interpreting the world

Assimilation (Piaget)

Incorporating new information into existing schemas

Accommodation (Piaget)

Modifying existing schemas to fit incompatible information

Sensorimotor stage

0-2 years. Begins recognizing they can affect change on their environment; cognitive milestone: object permanence

Object permanence (sensorimotor)

realization that objects continue to exist when no longer visible

Preoperational stage

2-7 years old. Failure to understand Egocentrism, seriation, reversible relationships, and conservation failures

Egocentrism

difficulty understanding the world from another perspective

Seriation

the ability to logically order a series of objects

Reversible relationships

difficulty connecting the dots (eg. you are Matthew's sister, does Matthew have a sister? no)

Conservation

failure to understand that the same amount of an object can vary in different shape/forms

Concrete operational stage

7-12 years. Mastered of egocentrism, seriation, reversible relationships, and conservation. Childs schemas are only based on their experience of the world, struggle to think in abstract terms, hypothesis and reasoning

Formal operational stage

12 years and above. Mastered ability to think in abstract terms, work in hypothesis, ad everything that ranges in adult cognitive activities
Can understand the theoretical world (another perspective) in which interests such as tv shows, video games take place in

Can understand the theoretical world (another perspective) in which interests such as tv shows, video games take place in

Flaws of Piaget's theories

decalage - Development of skills out of order. Tasks piaget used to form his theories relied on language abilities

Confirmation bias

The tendency to seek out information that supports one's hypothesis

Heuristic

Mental shortcut used to solve problems quickly and efficiently

Availability heuristic

Making decisions based on the most quickly available information (e.g., believing kidnappings are more common due to frequent media coverage)

Representativeness heuristic

Assuming what we see is representative of a larger category, often leading to stereotyping or assumptions (e.g., assuming a person is a computer science major based on stereotypes)

Anchoring

A bias that is affected by an initial info/anchor, even if the anchor is arbitary

Framing

A bias that is systematically affected by the way in which information is presented Eg. Positive frame, 200 people saved. Negative frame, 400 people died

Interrater Reliability

The degree of agreement between multiples observers witnessing the same event. If there is a high degree of agreement, the measure is considered reliable.

Predictive Validity

The extent to which a score on a test can be used to predict future behaviour.

Test-retest Method

A measure of reliability that examines the consistency of scores on the same test taken at multiple different points in time. If scores are consistent, the test is said to have high reliability.

Francis Galton

believed that faster reaction time was a predictor of a higher level of intelligence

Temporal proximity

events that occurred close together

insight problems

test ability to think outside box

2 test factors

reliability and validity

most popular intelligence test and what It measures

Weschler Adult intelligence Scale/Intelligence Scale for Children measures IG/intelligence quotient

is Howard Gardner's proposed intelligence theory true

no, lacked convincing evidence and ignores findings that ppl who do well on one type of intelligence = likely to do well on others.

effect of nurture in twins living together vs separate homes

strong +ve correlation when living tgth, so environmental factors affect

effect of nature in fraternal and identical twins

stronger +ve correlation in identical (100%) compared to fraternal (50%) twins -> genes affect development of intelligence

reasons for Flynn affect

- increased schooling quality
- increase access to info and ideas (book, tv, internet)
- increased nutrition + health

• increased nutrition + health

you want to judge availability heuristics based on

the freq that an event occurs

you rely on … for availability heuristic

how easily examples come to mind (recent/emotionally charged in memory)

error of availability heuristic

many things influence how readily available examples are

in rep heuristic, you want to judge

the prob that an event belongs to a larger event, even tho t should be individual

rep heuristic, you rely on…

the resemblance bw the event and other events in the category

error in rep heuristic

not all category members are the same

ntwk of neurons

- neurons that fire tgth wire tgth
- rudimentary decision making

• rudimentary decision making

What was the format of the Louisiana literacy test?

30 questions in 10 minutes, all had to be answered correctly to pass.

What educational requirement was imposed for voting in Louisiana?

Voters had to have a 5th grade education.

Who was primarily targeted by the Louisiana literacy test?

Mainly black people who could not prove they had completed 5th grade.

What was the outcome of the Louisiana literacy test for most participants?

Everyone failed, making it a tool for voter suppression.

How was the Louisiana literacy test used in the context of voting?

It was used as a weapon for voter suppression.

bounded rationality

Cognitive limitations prevent humans from being fully rational (biases influence decisions, causing mistakes)

biases

mistakes that influence judgement

opt in policy

default, where consumer has to choose to opt in

opt out

default where everyone is opted in and consumer has to choose to opt out

charles spearman

believed in single type of intelligence = one generalized intelligence, g

alfred binet

created first valid intelligence test