Audio Systems

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18 Terms

1
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Wavelength

Distance between two points occurring at the same place in a cycle

<p>Distance between two points occurring at the same place in a cycle</p>
2
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Frequency

Number of wave cycles occurring in a second (cycles per s, Hz); inversely related to wavelength

Low F - Long wavelength

High F - Short wavelength

<p>Number of wave cycles occurring in a second (cycles per s, Hz); inversely related to wavelength</p><p>Low F - Long wavelength</p><p>High F - Short wavelength</p>
3
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Frequency and Wavelength Formula

velocity of wave in med = wavelength x frequency

<p>velocity of wave in med = wavelength x frequency</p>
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Bands

Based on the doubling of frequencies between each of them (octaves) with each divided into 8 tones

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Harmonics

Complex audio waveforms include tones with frequencies that are multiples of each other (fundamental frequency)

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Logarithms

Each doubling or halving of a signal sounds like the same interval - or how many times the number 10 must be multiplied by itself to get that #

10W increase = 2x loudness

<p>Each doubling or halving of a signal sounds like the same interval - or how many times the number 10 must be multiplied by itself to get that #</p><p>10W increase = 2x loudness</p>
7
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Decibel

The measure of the logarithmic ratio between 2 quantities of the same physical property

Used to quantify differences in measurements of voltages, power, and sound pressure

dB = 10(log₁₀) x¹/x²

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Reference Level

A known measurement to compare to, 0dB

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Sound Pressure Reference Level

20 micropascals = 0dBSPL (threshold of human hearing)

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Power Reference Level

10 (log₁₀) P¹/P² = X watts

Difference in power levels

1 watt reference, OR (.001 = 1mW ref)

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Current/Voltage

20log(V₁/V₂)

Power is proportional to voltage²

Doubling voltage produces 4x power

1 volt reference

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Sound Pressure at Distance

10log(D¹/D²)

Each time distance doubles, sound covers 4x the area and 1/4th the amount of energy

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6dB per Doubling rule

Sound pressure decreases or increases 6dB every 1/2 or 2x distance

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0dBu

.775 (1mw) reference = 0dBm

20log (E/.775)

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0dBv

1v reference

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1 dB

Smallest perceptible change

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3dB

Just perceptible change

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10dB

2x loudness