AP World History Modern Ginnochio: Chapter 12 Quiz Terms

Ferdinand of Aragon

Along with Isabella of Castile, monarch of largest Christian kingdoms in Iberia; marriage to Isabella created united Spain; responsible for the reconquest of Granada, initiation of exploration of New World.

Isabella of Castille

The queen of Spain and wife of Ferdinand of Aragon, she was responsible for granting Columbus the means to try to find a new route to India and was partially responsible (along with Ferdinand) for uniting Spain as one country. Kicked all pagans out of Spain.

Caribbean

First area of Spanish exploration and settlement; served as experimental region for nature of Spanish colonial experience; encomienda system of colonial management initiated here.

Hispaniola

First island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards; settlement founded by Columbus on second voyage to New World; Spanish base of operations for further discoveries in New World.

Encomienda

Grant of Native American laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Meso and South America. Basis of coerced labor in Spanish colonies. NOT HACIENDA.

Encomendero

owner of an encomienda, forced conversions

Bartolomé de las Casas (1474-1566)

First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor. However still owned slaves.

Hernán Cortéz

a Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire

Moctezuma II

(1466-1520) Aztec ruler from 1502 to 1520; he was the emperor of the Aztecs when Cortés and his army conquered the empire. He was taken prisoner and killed during battle with the Spanish army.

Mexico City

Replaced Tenochtitlan, basis of Mesoamerican viceroyalty.

New Spain

Spanish colonial administrative unit including Central America, Mexico, and the southeast and southwest of the present-day United States

Fransisco Vázquez de Coronado

Leader of Spanish expedition into northern frontier region of New Spain, searched for mythical cities of gold. Went as far as Kansas.

Pedro de Valdivia

Spanish conquistador; conquered Araucanian Indians of Chile and established city of Santiago in 1541.

Silver Miners

Often Native Americans forced into labor by the Spanish adopted Mita system. Extremely malnourished, no human rights, extreme punishment.

Inés Suárez

heroine of the conquest of Chile

Reasons for Spanish success

Horses, firearms, steel weapons, disease.

Spanish Ages of the New World

Age of conquest, age of consolidation and maturity, reform and reoganization

Spanish Adopted Mita

The Spanish conquerors took the Mita system from the Incans and used it to provide labor for their colonies, most importantly in mines such as Potosi.

Potosí

Massive silver mine in Peru at the time and present day Bolivia. Provided much of the economic success of the Spanish empire, worked by Mita workers and wage workers. Extremely dangerous.

Huancavelica

Location of greatest deposit of mercury in South America; aided in American silver production; linked with Potosí.

amalgamation

A European mining technique used to mine silver in Spanish America.

What percent of profits/treasure from the colonies went directly to the Spanish crown.

1/5, 20%

Haciendas

Rural estates in Spanish colonies in New World; produced agricultural products for consumers in America; basis of wealth and power for local aristocracy. Labor came from the encomienda system.

Textile Sweatshops

Located in Ecuador, New Spain, and Peru, common cloth was produced, usually by women.

Consulado

Merchant guild of Seville; enjoyed virtual monopoly rights over goods shipped to America and handled much of the silver received in return. Tight restrictions on trade due to mercantilism to keep prices high in the colonies.

Board of Trade in Seville

controlled all commerce with the Spanish colonies in the Americas

Galleons

Large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; basis for convoy system utilized by Spain for transportation of bullion.

Havana and Cartagena

Heavily fortified ports that provided shelter for the treasure ships in the Caribbean

Treaty of Tordesillas

Divided all newly discovered lands between Spain and Portugal, Spain got the New World and Portugal got the old world.

Letrados

University-trained lawyers from Spain in the New World; juridical core of Spanish colonial bureaucracy; exercised both legislative and administrative functions.

Sepulveda

Wrote a book that argued that Biblical text stated that natives were inferior and destined to slavery

Recopilación

Body of laws collected in 1681 for Spanish Possessions in the New World; basis of law in the Indies. Created by Letrados and Council of the Indies.

Council of the Indies

Body within the Castilian government that issued all laws and advised king on all matters dealing with the Spanish colonies of the New World.

Viceroyalties

Two major divisions of Spanish colonies in New World; one based in Lima; the other in Mexico City; direct representatives of the king.

Viceroys

representatives of the Spanish monarch in Spain's colonial empire, basically a governor. Could operate the viceroyalty, or principal administrative units.

Audiencias

Royal court of appeals, there were 16 in the Spanish empire. They were part of the administrative system and were staffed by magistrates.

Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz

Female author, poet, and musician of New Spain; eventually gave up secular concerns to concentrate on spiritual matters.

Sancho de Moncada

Said that the poverty of Spain lead to the discovery of the Indies.

Fray Bernardino de Sahagún

Became an expert in the Nahuatl language and composed a bilingual encyclopedia of Aztec modern anthropologists

Diego de Landa

bishop of Yucatan who admired Mayan culture but hated their religion so he burned all ancient books and tortured Mayans suspected of backsliding from Christianity.

Magistrates

Worked in the audiencias to collect taxes, mita, and establish a court in the New World.

Jesuits

Catholic Missionaries who ran the church and related bodies in Spanish America.

Effect of Catholicism on Spanish America.

Affected art and architecture, ran universities, created churches, forced conversions.

Pedro Álvares Cabral

Portuguese leader who meant to go to India but accidentally discovered Brazil.

Why was Brazil originally unimportant?

They just granted merchants permission to work there with dyewood, eventually economic pressures from the French forced them to take action.

Captaincies

Strips of land along Brazilian Coast granted to minor portuguese nobles for development. Reported directly to Lisbon.

What is important economically about Brazil?

They were the first plantation colony, specifically based around sugar.

Where was the first Brazilian capital?

Salvador

What type of coerced labor was used in Brazil on the plantations mainly?

Slavery, using African slaves.

What two colonies were created in Brazil?

Marahao and The State of Brazil

Order of Brazilian politics.

Governor in Salvador, but also governors of captaincies that report directly to Lisbon.

Which colonies were more intellectual? Brazil or the Spanish Colonies

the Spanish colonies

Habsburg Kings of Spain

For a short time also ruled Portugal.

Paulistas

Backswoodsmen from São Paulo, Brazil; penetrated Brazilian interior in search of precious metals and slaves during the 17th century.

Minas Gerais

- "General Mines" first area that gold was found in Brazil in the 1690s

- The discovery led to a gold rush and rapid population growth (up to 600,000) in the region

- the capital of the region was Ouro Preto and inflation became very prevalent (EX: shovels are needed to get the gold so the prices of shovels go up dramatically due to their high demand)

Rio de Janeiro

Became the new capital of Brazil because of its proximity to Minas Gerais

Sociedad de Castas

American social system based on racial origins; Europeans or whites at top, black slaves or Native Americans at bottom, mixed races in middle.

Hierarchies were based on:

Race, gender, ethnicity, birth, occupation, familial status.

Peninsulares

Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class.

Creoles

Descendents of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status.

Mestizos

a person of mixed European and Native American descent

Mullatos

Persons of mixed European and African ancestry

Why were Creoles considered inferior despite their Spanish race and appearance?

There was always the possibility of illegitimacy. Anyone who was not BORN in Spain was at the very most a Creole or less.

Amigos del país

Clubs and associations dedicated to improvements and reform in Spanish colonies; flourished during the 18th century; called for material improvements rather than political reform.

What caused the decline of the Spanish Empire?

Territory loss in the Caribbean and the fail of mercantilism due to a lack of silver exports.

Charles II

Died without an heir, lead to the War of the Spanish Succession.

Philip of Anjou

A bourbon and relative of the king of France who was named successor to the Spanish throne.

The War of the Spanish Succession

Resulted from Bourbon family's succession to Spanish throne in 1701; ended by Treaty of Utrecht in 1713; resulted in recognition of Bourbons, loss of some lands, grants of commercial rights to English and French.

Charles III

Spanish enlightened monarch; ruled from 1759 to 1788; instituted fiscal, administrative, and military reforms in Spain and its empire.

Bourbon Dynasty

Dynasty in France started by the reign of King Henry IV, powerful and EXTREMELY wealthy, rulers of this Dynasty wanted hegemony (dominant power), wanted to see shift of balance of power

Enlightened Despotism

system of government in which absolute monarchs ruled according to the principles of the Enlightenment

New Viceroyalties were where under the Bourbons

New Granada and the Rio de la Plata

José de Gálvez

(1720-1787) Spanish minister of the West Indies and chief architect of colonial reform; moved to eliminate Creoles from upper bureaucracy of the colonies; created intendants for local government.

Sebastiao José Carvalho e Mello the Marquis of Pombal

Prime minister of Portugal from 1755 to 1776; acted to strengthen royal authority in Brazil; expelled Jesuits; enacted fiscal reforms and established monopoly companies to stimulate the colonial economy. Made massive reforms to Brazil.

What was New Granada?

Present day Colombia

Comunero Revolt

One of popular revolts against Spanish colonial rule in New Granada (Colombia) in 1781; suppressed as a result of divisions among rebels.

Tupac Amaru II

Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru; supported by many in the lower social classes; revolt failed because of creole fears of real social revolution.

Christopher Columbus

You know who this is, if not you already failed.

People of the Lesser Antiles

Caribs