Thermodynamics
The branch of chemistry concerned with energy changes
Energy
the capacity to do work
work
the transfer of energy to move objects
Potential energy
stored energy
Kinetic energy
energy of motion
_____ is the most convenient way of measuring energy
heat
1 calorie =
heat required to raise 1 gram of water to 1 degree celcius
breaking bonds =
energy consumed
creating bonds =
energy released
_____ - when one atom or molecule loses an electron
oxidation
_____ - when one atom or molecule gains an electron
reduction
reduced = _____ energy level
higher
The first law of thermodynamics states that the total amount of energy in the universe _____ _____
remains constant
The second law of thermodynamics states that _____ (disorder) is continuously increasing
entropy
free energy
the amount of energy that is available to do work
What is the equation for free energy?
G = H-TS
____ - Energy available to do work
G
_____ - enthalpy, the total energy present in a molecule's chemical bonds
H
_____ - absolute temperature
T
____ - entropy (or the unavailable energy, cannot do work)
S
When △G is positive, it is a/an ______ (endergonic/exergonic) reaction
endergonic
When △G is negative, it is a/an ______ (endergonic/exergonic) reaction
exergonic
Endergonic reactions _____ (are/are not) spontaneous
are not
Exergonic reactions _____ (are/are not) spontaneous
are
_____ are substances that help lower the activation energy required for exergonic reactions
catalysts
ATP stands for _____ _____
Adenosine triphosphate
ATP is composed of _____, _____ and a chain of 3 _____
ribose adenine phosphates
ADP stands for _____ _____ = two phosphates
adenosine diphosphate
AMP stands for _____ _____ = one phosphate (lowest energy form)
adenosine monophosphate
_____ catalysis - catalyze reaction on RNA molecule itself
Intramolecular
_____ catalysis - RNA acts on another molecule
Intermolecular
Different enzymes operate under different optimal conditions, like optimal _____ and optimal _____
temperature pH
_____ - substance that binds to an enzyme and decreases its activity
inhibitor
_____ enzymes - enzymes exist in active and inactive forms
allosteric
_____ - the total of all chemical reactions carried out by an organism
metabolism
_____ reactions expand energy to build up molecules
anabolic
_____ harvest energy by breaking down molecules
catabolics
biochemical pathways force reactions to occur in a _____
sequence
_____ _____ are critical to maintaining homeostasis because it regulates the amount of substances in the body
feedback loops
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