cancer
uncontrolled cell division
tumor
a dense ball of cells
benign
a localized tumor (does not spread)
malignant
a tumor that can spread
metastasis
the spreading of cancer cells
2 controls of cell division
density-dependent inhibition
anchorage dependence
density-dependent inhibition
crowded cells do not divide
anchorage dependence
cells have to be attached to something in order to divide
cell life cycle
G1, decision point, S stage, G2, Mitosis
G1 stage
normal cell growth
decision point
the cell is "deciding" whether or not to divide
S stage
where the DNA is replicated
G2 stage
all the organelles are replicated or increased in size
mitosis
DNA is separated and organelles are divided into 2 daughter cells
three inherited cancer risk mutations:
xeroderma pigmentosum 2)BRCA1 3)BRCA2
leukemias
non-tumorigenic cancers
Environmental Risk Factors:
smoking 2)Diet 3)Excessive alcohol use
radiation
viral infections
age
carcinogen
("mutagens") a chemical that causes cancer
polyps
tumors in the colon (benign)
"clean margins"
no cancer cells were found surrounding the tumor (when tumor is removed)
chemotherapy
uses toxins that kill all fast dividing cells
immunotherapy
an experimental treatment where tumor cells and bone marrow are removed- immune cells are trained to identify and target the cancer cells
phytochemicals
chemicals from plants (consuming them can help prevent cancer)
4 levels of "sex development":
chromosomal
gonadal 3)anatomic
psychological
sexual dimorphism
anatomical differences in the brains of males and females
hypothalamus
controls "drives" (sex drive, hunger drive, thirst drive, etc.)
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)
syndrome caused by a point mutation in the testosterone receptor
follicle
an immature egg surrounded by support cells (follicular cells)
ovulation
release of an egg from the ovary
menstruation
the loss of the endometrium
oocyte
an egg
progesterone
stimulates the endometrial growth
combination pill
a combination of estrogen and progesterone
candidiasis
an infection by a yeast/fungus
Studied by 29 People