Fundamental Laws + Atomic Experiments
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72 Terms
A chemical reaction starts with 12 g of reactants and ends with 12 g of products. Which law does this show?
Law of Conservation of Mass
A reaction does not lose or create matter, even though substances change form. Which law does this show?
Law of Conservation of Mass
What does the Law of Conservation of Mass say?
Mass is not created or destroyed in a chemical reaction
If 10 g of hydrogen reacts completely with 80 g of oxygen, how much water forms?
90 g
If 25 g of reactants form products, what total mass of products should form?
25 g
A sealed container has the same mass before and after a reaction. Which law explains this?
Law of Conservation of Mass
If a product seems to have less mass than the reactants in an open container, what may have escaped?
Gas
Why must chemical equations be balanced?
To obey the Law of Conservation of Mass
A compound always contains the same elements in the same mass ratio. Which law is this?
Law of Constant Composition
What does the Law of Constant Composition say?
A pure compound always has the same elements in the same proportions
Water is always made of hydrogen and oxygen in a fixed ratio. Which law does this show?
Law of Constant Composition
A sample of CO₂ from Louisiana and a sample of CO₂ from Texas have the same composition. Which law does this show?
Law of Constant Composition
If two samples are both pure water, should they have the same percent hydrogen and oxygen?
Yes
If a compound’s composition changes from sample to sample, is it likely a pure compound?
No
A compound has a fixed formula and fixed composition. Which law supports this?
Law of Constant Composition
Two elements form more than one compound, and their masses compare in small whole-number ratios. Which law is this?
Law of Multiple Proportions
What does the Law of Multiple Proportions say?
When elements form different compounds, their mass ratios are small whole numbers
Carbon and oxygen can form CO and CO₂. Which law does this demonstrate?
Law of Multiple Proportions
Nitrogen and oxygen form NO, NO₂, and N₂O. Which law does this demonstrate?
Law of Multiple Proportions
CO and CO₂ contain the same elements but different oxygen amounts. Which law explains this?
Law of Multiple Proportions
Which law compares different compounds made from the same elements?
Law of Multiple Proportions
Which law focuses on total mass before and after reaction?
Law of Conservation of Mass
Which law focuses on one compound always having the same composition?
Law of Constant Composition
Which law focuses on small whole-number ratios between different compounds?
Law of Multiple Proportions
Which law is about mass staying the same?
Law of Conservation of Mass
Which law is about fixed composition?
Law of Constant Composition
Which law is about multiple compounds from the same elements?
Law of Multiple Proportions
Who performed the cathode ray tube experiment?
J. J. Thomson
Which experiment is associated with J. J. Thomson?
Cathode ray tube experiment
What did J. J. Thomson discover?
Electron
What particle was discovered using cathode rays?
Electron
Cathode rays were deflected by electric and magnetic fields. What did this help show?
Electrons are charged particles
What charge does the electron have?
Negative charge
Which scientist showed atoms contain negatively charged particles?
J. J. Thomson
What model did J. J. Thomson propose?
Plum pudding model
In Thomson’s plum pudding model, electrons were embedded in what?
A positive sphere
Who performed the oil drop experiment?
Robert Millikan
Which experiment is associated with Millikan?
Oil drop experiment
What did Millikan determine?
The charge of the electron
Millikan’s oil drop experiment helped calculate what about the electron?
Its charge
If the charge of the electron is known, what else can be found using Thomson’s work?
Electron mass
Which scientist measured the charge of tiny oil droplets?
Millikan
Who performed the gold foil experiment?
Ernest Rutherford
Which experiment is associated with Rutherford?
Gold foil experiment
What did Rutherford discover?
The nucleus
What did Rutherford’s experiment show about the atom?
It is mostly empty space with a small dense positive nucleus
In Rutherford’s experiment, what happened to most alpha particles?
They passed straight through the gold foil
In Rutherford’s experiment, what happened to a few alpha particles?
They were deflected or bounced back
What did the few strongly deflected alpha particles suggest?
The atom has a small dense positive nucleus
Which scientist discovered the nucleus?
Rutherford
Which experiment disproved the plum pudding model?
Rutherford’s gold foil experiment
What charge is the nucleus?
Positive
Where is most of the atom’s mass located?
Nucleus
What part of the atom takes up very little space but contains most of the mass?
Nucleus
What did Rutherford’s experiment show about empty space in atoms?
Atoms are mostly empty space
Which experiment discovered electrons: oil drop, cathode ray tube, or gold foil?
Cathode ray tube
Which experiment determined electron charge: oil drop, cathode ray tube, or gold foil?
Oil drop experiment
Which experiment discovered the nucleus: oil drop, cathode ray tube, or gold foil?
Gold foil experiment
Match Thomson with his discovery.
Electron
Match Millikan with his discovery.
Electron charge
Match Rutherford with his discovery.
Nucleus
Which scientist is linked to electrons being negative?
Thomson
Which scientist is linked to measuring electron charge?
Millikan
Which scientist is linked to atoms being mostly empty space?
Rutherford
Which experiment used alpha particles?
Rutherford’s gold foil experiment
Which experiment used oil droplets?
Millikan’s oil drop experiment
Which experiment used cathode rays?
Thomson’s cathode ray tube experiment
A student says Rutherford discovered electrons. What is wrong?
Thomson discovered electrons; Rutherford discovered the nucleus
A student says Millikan discovered the nucleus. What is wrong?
Rutherford discovered the nucleus; Millikan found electron charge
A student says Thomson measured electron charge. What is wrong?
Millikan measured electron charge; Thomson discovered electrons
Which came from evidence that most particles passed through foil?
Atoms are mostly empty space
Which came from evidence that some particles bounced back?
The nucleus is small, dense, and positive