Basic Healthcare Worker Final Exam

Who is Joseph Lister?

Physician who started using disinfectants and antiseptics during surgery to prevent infection in 1865.

Who founded the American Red Cross in 1881?

Clara Barton

Complimentary Therapies definition

Methods of treatment used in conjunction with conventional medical therapies.

Alternative Therapies definition

Methods of treatment used in place of biomedical (western) therapies.

Ayurvedic Practitioners

Determine a persons dosha to maintain harmony in the body.

Chinese Medicine Practitioners

Believe a life energy (Chi) flows through everyone in a system of meridians (pathways).

Which CAM therapy believes that illness and pain occur when Chi is blocked as it flows through meridians?

Acupressure

What CAM therapy encourages the use of certain vitamins to neutralize free radicals?

Antioxidants

Which CAM therapy uses breathing and muscle relaxation techniques to quiet the mind?

Meditation

Ways to promote physical wellness.

Avoiding alcohol, tobacco, caffeine, drugs, and risky sexual behavior.

2019 Pandemic

Covid 19

What extended care facilities offer to patients.

Provide services to patients who need rehab to recover from a major illness, cancer treatment, kidney dialysis or heart monitoring for return to home or another facility.

What is the international agency sponsored by the United Nations that compiles statistics and information on disease, publishes health information, and investigates and addresses serious health problems throughout the world?

World Health Organization (WHO)

Purpose of an organization chart.

Encompasses a line of authority or chain of command, indicates areas of responsibility, and leads to the most efficient operation of the facility.

What is a specific amount of money a patient pays for a particular service regardless of the total cost of the visit?

Co payment

5 main components of HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act)

1. Health care access, portability, and renewability.

2. Preventing health care fraud and abuse; administrative simplification and medical liability reform.

3. Tax-related health provisions.

4. Application and enforcement of group health plan requirements.

5. Revenue offsets.

What degree is awarded by a career/technical school or community college after completion of a prescribed 2 year course of study?

Associates degree

What degree is awarded by a college or university after a prescribed course of study that usually lasts for 4 or more years?

Bachelor's degree

What degree is awarded by a college or university after completion of 1 or more years of work beyond a bachelor's degree?

Master's degree

What degree is awarded by a college or university after completion of 2 or more years of work beyond a bachelor's or master's degree?

Doctoral degree

Certification definition

A person has fulfilled the requirements of education and performance and meets the standards and qualifications established by the professional association or government agency that regulates a particular career. Ex: certified dental assistant, certified lab tech, certified medical assistant.

Registration definition

Testing performed by a regulatory body (professional association or state board) that administers exams and maintains a registry of qualified personnel in a given health care area. Ex: registered dietitian, registered respiratory therapist, registered radiologic tech.

Licensure definition

Process whereby a government agency authorizes individuals to work in a given occupation by completing an approved educational program and passing a state board test.

What does an Epidemiologist do?

Identify and track diseases as they occur in a group of people.

What is Periodontics?

Treatment and prevention of diseases of the gums, bone, and structures supporting the teeth.

What does a Gastroenterologist do?

Treats diseases and disorders of the stomach and intestine.

Empathy definition

Being able to identify with and understand another person's feelings, situation, and motives.

Competence definition

Qualified and capable of performing a task accurately.

Psychological barriers to communication

Bias, prejudice, stereotyping, attitudes, and personality.

Physical changes initiated by stress

1. Blood pressure, heart rate, and respirations rise.

2. Saliva production decreases and mouth becomes dry.

3. Pupils dilate to improve vision.

4. Blood vessels to heart and brain dilate

5. Blood vessels elsewhere constrict.

6. Adrenaline is released into the bloodstream.

Short-term goals timeline

Usually take days, weeks, or months to accomplish.

Long-term goals timeline

Achievements that may take years or even a lifetime to accomplish.

To set goals effectively you must:

1. State goals in a positive manner.

2. Define clear and precise goals.

3. Prioritize multiple goals.

4. Write goals down.

5. Make goals attainable.

Tort definition

Wrongful act that doesn't involve a contract; called a civil wrong instead of a crime. Occurs when a person is harmed or injured because a healthcare provider doesn't meet the established or expected standards of care.

Malpractice -tort

Failure of a professional to use the degree of skill and learning commonly expected in that individuals profession, resulting in injury, loss, or damage to the person receiving care. Ex: nurse performing minor surgery without having training, a physician not administering a tetanus shot when a patient has a puncture wound.

Negligence -tort

Failure to give care that is normally expected of a person in a particular position, resulting in injury to another person. Ex: falls/injuries occurring when side rails are left down, not reporting defective equipment, infections caused by using nonsterile instruments.

Assault -tort

A threat or attempt to injure. Ex: performing a procedure after a patient has refused, threatening a patient, improper handling of a patient.

Battery -tort

The unlawful touching of another person without consent. Ex: performing a procedure after a patient has refused, threatening a patient, improper handling of a patient.

Invasion of Privacy -tort

Ex: improperly draping a patient during a procedure, sending information regarding the patient to an insurance company without patient's written permission.

False imprisonment -tort

Restraining an individual or restricting an individual's freedom without authorization. Ex: keeping patients hospitalized against their will, applying physical restraints without proper authorization.

Abuse -tort

Physical, verbal, psychological, and sexual.

Defamation -tort

Occurs when false statements either cause a person to be ridiculed or damage the person's reputation. Slander- information spoken. Libel- information written.

Patient's rights

1. Receive accurate, easily understood information and assistance in making informed health care decisions.

2. A choice of health care providers that is sufficient to ensure access to appropriate high quality health care.

3. Access emergency health services when and where the need arises.

4. Fully participate in all decisions related to their health care.

5. Be represented by others if unable to fully participate in treatment decisions.

6. Considerate and respectful care.

7. Not be discriminated against.

8. Confidentiality.

9. Review and copy their own medical records and request amendments to their records.

10. A fair and efficient process for resolving differences with their health care plans.

DNR

CPR is not performed when the patient stops breathing.

Prefix

Syllable or word placed at the beginning of a word. Ex: pseudo-

Suffix

Syllable or word placed at the end of the word. Ex: -itis

Word roots

Main words or parts to which prefixes and suffixes can be added. Ex: appendix

Narc- (o)

Sleep

Genesis

Development, production, creation

D/C, dc, disc

Discontinue

c/o, co

Complains of

Emotional Development in infancy

Newborns show excitement

Emotional Development in early childhood

Anger in the form of temper tantrums occur.

Emotional Development in late childhood

Role-playing allows a child to control fears and gain self confidence.

Emotional Development in adolescence

Stormy and conflicted. Try to establish their identities and independence and are often uncertain and feel inadequate and insecure.

Emotional Development in early adulthood

Subjected to stresses from career, marriage, and family. Find satisfaction in their achievements, take responsibility for their actions, and learn to accept criticism and to profit from mistakes.

Emotional Development in middle adulthood

Job stability, financial success, the end of child rearing, and good health can all contribute to satisfaction.

Emotional Development in late adulthood

Retirement, death of a spouse/friends, physical disabilities, financial problems, loss of independence, and knowledge that life must end all can cause emotional distress.

Denial #1 -Stages of death and dying

"No, not me!" stage, which usually occurs when a person is first told of a terminal illness. Ex: "The doctor doesn't know what he's talking about." "The tests have to be wrong."

Anger #2 -Stages of death and dying

Occurs when the patient is no longer able to deny death. Ex: "Why me?". "It's your fault."

Bargaining #3 -Stages of death and dying

Occurs when patients accept death but want more time to live. Patients make promises to God in order to obtain more time.

Depression #4 -Stages of death and dying

Occurs when patients realize that death will come soon and they will no longer be with their families or be able to complete their goals.

Acceptance #5 -Stages of death and dying

Patients understand and accept the fact that they are going to die.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Only when satisfaction has been obtained at one level is an individual motivated toward meeting needs at a higher level.

Self-Actualization #5 -Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Obtain full potential, confident, self-secure

Esteem #4 -Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Self-respect, have approval of others

Love and affection #3 -Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Feel sense of belonging, can give and receive friendship and love

Safety and security #2 -Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Free from fear and anxiety, feel secure in the environment

Physiological needs #1 -Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Food, water, oxygen, elimination of waste, protection from temperature extremes, sleep

Rationalization -defense mechanism

Involves using a reasonable excuse or acceptable explanation for behavior to avoid the real reason or true motivation. Ex: patient who fears having lab tests done may tell Dr. "I can't take time off from my job." rather than admit fear.

Projection -defense mechanism

Involves placing blame for one's own actions or inadequacies on someone else or on circumstances rather than accepting responsibility for the actions. Ex: "The teacher failed me because she doesn't like me."

Displacement -defense mechanism

Involves transferring feelings about one person to someone else. Ex: Man who is mad at boss fears losing his job so he yells at his family instead.

Compensation -defense mechanism

Involves the substitution of one goal for another goal to achieve success. Ex: Joan wanted to be a doctor but could not afford this education so she changed plans and became a physician assistant.

Daydreaming -defense mechanism

Dreamlike thought process that occurs when a person is awake; provides a means of escape when a person is not satisfied with reality.

Repression -defense mechanism

Involves the transfer of unacceptable or painful ideas, feelings, and thoughts into the unconscious mind. An individual is not aware that this is happening This allows the individual to "forget" the fear or feeling.

Suppression -defense mechanism

Similar to Repression but the individual is aware of the unacceptable feelings or thoughts but refuses to deal with them.

Regression -defense mechanism

Involves retreating to a previous development level that provided more safety and security than the current level an individual is experiencing. Ex: thumb sucking.

Denial -defense mechanism

Involves disbelief of an event or idea that is too frightening or shocking for a person to cope with.

Withdrawal -defense mechanism

Individuals can either cease to communicate or remove themselves physically from a situation. Sometimes a satisfactory means of avoiding conflict or an unhappy situation.

Facts about the Elderly

1. Old is determined by how an individual thinks, feels, and behaves. Many elderly are active, productive, and self-sufficient into their 80's and 90's.

2. Majority of elderly remain mentally competent until they die.

3. Less than 12% of adults older than 65 live at poverty level.

4. Approximately 5% of elderly live in LTC facilities.

5. Many elderly are active in their families and communities.

6. Most elderly are in good health.

7. Many remain employed and productive into their 70's and 80's.

Glaucoma -definition

Condition in which the intraocular pressure of the eye increases and interferes with vision, more common in the elderly.

Cataracts -definition

Where the normally transparent lens of the eye becomes cloudy or opaque.

Disability -definition

A physical or mental defect or handicap that interferes with normal functions. Ex: blind, deaf, paralyzed.

Delirium -definition

When confusion or disorientation is temporary and can be treated.

Ombudsman -definition

Specially trained individual who works with the elderly and their families, health care providers, and other concerned individuals to improve quality of care and life.

Sensitivity -definition

Ability to recognize and appreciate the personal characteristics of others.

Bias -definition

A preference that inhibits impartial judgment. Ex: Rich people are superior to poor people.

Stereotyping -definition

Occurs when an assumption is made that everyone in a particular group is the same. Ex: All blondes are dumb.

Patriarch -definition

Father or oldest male is the authority figure.

Matriarch -definition

Mother or oldest female is the authority figure.

Monotheists -definition

Believe in the existence of one God.

Polytheists -definition

Worship and believe in many gods.

Atheist -definition

Does not believe in any deity.

Agnostic -definition

Believes that the existence of God cannot be proved or disproved.

Osteoporosis -definition

Condition where bones become porous and break easily; one cause is long-term deficiencies of calcium, magnesium, and vitamin D.

Nutrition -definition

Includes all body processes relating to food. Allows the body to use food for energy, maintenance of health, and growth.

What is the body's main source of energy?

Carbohydrates

What provides 9 calories per gram?

Fat

What type of diet consists of easily digested food that doesn't irritate the digestive tract?

Bland diet

What is the purpose of a spreadsheet?

Uses special software to perform high-speed math calculations. Allows the user to process bills, maintain accounts, create budgets, evaluate treatments, and can be displayed as a graph or chart.