AMSCO - 3.2 Reading Notes - AP History

how did king james i use the divine right of kings to justify his rule?

he believed himself outside of god and any earthly authority and saw any challenge toward him as a challenge to god.

what was the role of the justices of the peace in tudor england and why were they so important?

their job was to maintain peace in the counties of england, even settling legal matters, and to carry out the monarchs law. they were important since the # and responsibilities of the justices of peace increased through the years of tudors rule, and they became the most important and powerful groups in england.

what was the effect of a stronger tudor rule on feudalism in england?

the power of feudal lords weakened

what was the role of parliament?

Gave legitamacy to the monarch's claim to authority and also checked the monarch's powers.

list two things the english bill of rights accomplished:

- legal process was required before someone could be arrested and detained.

- guaranteed protection against the tyranny of the monarchy by requiring the agreement of parliment on matters of taxation and raising an army.

how did french government grow in comparison to the english?

they became more absolute in the 17th and 18th centuries

how did lous xviii change the french government?

he and his minister, moved to even greater centralization of the government and development of the system of intendents.

why were intendents called tax farmers?

because they oversaw the collection of various taxes in support of the royal governments.

why was lous the xiv considered a dictator?

since his aims were two-folded, he wanted absolute power and expand french borders.

Why did Louis XIV want absolute power?

King Louis XIV dubbed himself the Sun King because, as the central power in France, he believed that his subjects revolved around him the way the planets revolve around the sun

what was the significance of versailles to the french government?

so it made it difficult for the noble to act independently and plot against them

describe the class system in russia:

social hierachy was static:

- top was the boyars

- below them were the merchants

- last and most numerous were the peasants, who gradually sink into debt resulting in serfdom

how were serfs connected to their land?

they were bound to their land and had little freedom

how did ivan iv feel about the boyar class?

he punished the boyars and confiscated their lands and forced them and their families to move to moscow.

what did ivan iv create to keep an eye on the boyars?

a paramilitary force loyal to him called the oprichnina.

how did ivan iv create loyalty within the oprichnina?

by drawing people from lower-level bureaucrats and merchants.

what were the three groups in russia vying for power under the ramanov dynasty and what did they want?

- the church; bent on conserving traditional views and beliefs

- the boyars; desire to gain and hold power

- members of the tsar royal family

who did peter have to defeat to come into power?

his half-sister sophia and her supporters, a boyar-led elite military and corps

why did peter lose favor amongst members of the clergy despite being referred as the "defender of the orthodoxy"?

due to his reforms

how did peter organize the russian governments?

by creating provinces

describe the devshirme system in ottoman empire?

through the system, christian boys were subjects of the empire were recruited by force to serve in the ottoman government. used to staff their military and government to ensure control over large areas

why were boys taken to be part of the devshirme always christian?

since islamic law prohibited enslavement of "people of the book" which were muslims and jews

what kind of jobs did the devshirme have?

- men were groomed to become administrators of the newly conquered territories; some were scribes, tax collectors, and even diplomats.

- most famous group called janissaries formed elite forces in the ottoman army

why were janissaries loyal to the ottoman empire

To kill and maintain the power of the Ottoman empire. The Janissaries were the sultan's personal bodyguard. Since they were taken from abroad, they didn't sympathize with ordinary Turkish people

Why did some parents want their sons to be taken into slavery by the Ottoman empire

Because becoming one provide a path of upward mobility in the Ottoman Empire

how did the ming dynasty erase mongol influence in china?

- bringing back the traditional civil service exam

- improving education by establishing a national school system

- re-establishing the bureaucracy

how did the daimyo contribute to the decentralization in japan?

since the arguments between these landholding aristocrats left japan in disarray.

why did the samurai have significant economic power in japan?

since they were salaried, first paid in rice and then later in gold.

Summarize the role of oda nobunaga

- the first of these powerful daimyo.

- him and his samurai took over kyoto and he began to extend his power, forcing daimyo lads around kyoto to submit. he unified about one-third of what is today japan.

how did the tokugawa shogunate reorganize the government of japan?

japan was divided into 250 hans, or territories, each of which is controlled by a daimyo who had his own army and was fairly independent.

how did the tokugawa shoguate control the aristocratic daimyo's?

the government required that daimyo maintain residences both in their home territory and also in the capital. so if the daimyo was visiting his home country, then his family had to stay in the capital as hostages.

summarize how akbar established an efficient government in india?

- his people had the right to appeal to him for judgement in any lawsuit.

- laws were fairly administered

how did zamindars eventually impact the mughal empire?

they eventually began to keep more of the taxes they collected where with this money they built personal armies of soldiers and civilians loyal to them

describe two ways in which european monarchs sought to legitimize the authority of their monarchs:

- idea of divine right of monarchy

- built impressive structures, such as palace of versailles in france, to demonstrate their power and glory.

What is the significance of the new lands Peter the Great conquered?

his conquest gave russia its own warm-water port on the baltic- st. petersburg. where he later moved the capital from moscow to st. petersburg so he could keep watch on the boyars

describe st.petersburg:

- architects laid out streets in rectangular grids.

- peasants and swedish prisoners of war were forced to do work, draining marshes and building streets and government structures.

what is the significance of the new lands peter the great conquered?

his conquest gave russia its own warm-water port on the baltic- st. petersburg. where he later moved the capital from moscow to st. petersburg so he could keep watch on the boyars

describe two ways askia the great of songhai changed his empire in order to legitimize his rule;

- made islam songhai's official religion to reunite his empire

- supported an efficient bureacracy to bring the empire together.

mughal india was marked by magnificent architectural accomplishments. what were they?

- taj mahal, built by shah jahan as a tomb for his wife

- forts were also built

how did the mughal empire use art from islam?

craftspeople and builders of mughal india combined the arts from islam and local arts to create magnificent, airy structures with decorative geometric designs.

what did artistic accomplishments of mughal india show?

the power of the rulers

how did the ottoman empire change at this time?

tremendous changes in government and religion, they legitimized the rule of ottomans

what were some continuities in the ottoman empire at the time?

the arts, the culture, the economy

what was the grand bazar and why was it so important?

located at istanbul, at western end of the overland silk roads and was full of foreign imports.

istanbul was a center of what:

arts and learning

describe the cultural contributions of the ottoman empire:

- restored some of the glorious buildings of constantinople (cathedral of saint sophia)

- the miniature paintings and illuminated manuscripts became famous

how did peter the great attempt to industrialize russia?

established new industries owned by the state, especially shipyards in st. petersburg and iron mines in the ural mountains. he also encouraged private industries such as metallurgy, woodwork, gunpower, paper, leather, and mining.

How did Versailles give Louis XIV power over this nobles

He required all the great nobility of France to come live at Versailles for at least part of the year. This had the effect of reducing one major threat to his power (the Nobility)

how did he increase revenue for russia when industrialization didn't bring in as much money as he wanted?

he raised taxes and compel workers to work in the shipyards- a sort of urban extension of serfdom.

how did ottoman raise taxes to support their empire and military?

leveled taxes on peasants and used tax farming to collect it.

how did tax farmers grow wealthy? were they corrupt?

they grew wealthy and was corrupt since they skimmed money from the taxes in their areas.

what eventually contributed to the economic decline of the mughal empire?

the burden of taxes and the military

who was responsible for collecting taxes in the ming dynasty?

private citizens which were wealthy families

taxes were collected in what from?

in form of grains and later silver

describe the tribute system.

tributes were given as a sign of respect, submission, or allegiance to china.

Divine Right of Kings

Doctrine that states that the right of ruling comes from God and not people's consent

Justice of the Peace

English local officials in the shires appointed by the crown and given wide authority in local government

English Bill of Rights

1689 laws protecting the rights of English subjects and Parliament; signed by William and Mary as a condition of the Glorious Revolution

Absolutism

Complete control over people and government

Tax Farmers

Local officials and private tax collectors who were distant from the central governments they served; were allowed to skim money from the collections and grew wealthy and corrupt

Louis XIV

(1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.

Boyars

Russian nobility

Serfdom

A type of labor commonly used in feudal systems in which the laborers work the land in return for protection but they are bound to the land and are not allowed to leave or to peruse their a new occupation. This was common in early Medieval Europe as well as in Russia until the mid 19th century

Ivan IV

Russian ruler (nicknamed The Terrible); cruel and tyrannical; murdered nobility; extremely paranoid (killed his own son); taxed people heavily; took title of "czar"

Romanov Dynasty

Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826

Janissaries

Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826

Daimyo

A Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai

Period of Great Peace

Period of Great Peace

Tokugawa Shogunate

was a semi-feudal government of Japan in which one of the shoguns unified the country under his family's rule.

Zamindars

Paid government officials who were in charge of specific duties such as tax collection, construction, and managing resources; were sometimes paid for their services with grants of land and were permitted to keep a portion of the taxes they charged the peasants

Askia the Great

Songhai ruler, he overthrew Sunni Baru. His reign was the high point of Songhai culture.

Taj Mahal

Beautiful mausoleum at Agra built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan (completed in 1649) in memory of his favorite wife