Organ pathology FINAL

A tumor is a sign of

inflammation

what is #1 in incidence for cancer?

breast/prostate

What is the most lethal type of cancer?

lung

What are the main characteristics of a neoplasm?

neovascularization & break basement membrane

A benign tumor is characterized by

slow growth, encapsulation, no metastasis, well-differentiated

a malignant tumor is characterized by

rapid growth, non-encapsulated, infiltrative growth, poorly differentiated, anaplasia, metastasis

Neoplasms are an imbalance of

cell proliferation and cell death

There is more ________ in a neoplasm

cell prolifertation

A carcinoma is

epithelial

a sarcoma is

connective tissue

a leukemia is

hematopoietic

Apoptosis involves p53, and _______ are the last step in activation

caspases

Apoptosis is regulated by

Bc12 & BAX

Aberrations in gene expression is functional, and an example of this is

loss of genomic imprinting

proto-oncogenes are

normal genes that may cause a gain in function

oncogenes are

mutant forms of proto and cause a gain in function

tumor suppressor genes are

a loss of function causing cancer

_______ is a final complication of malignancy resulting in loss of body fat and apetite

cahexia

Cushing’s is a paraneoplastic syndrome resulting in

lung oat cell carcinoma

Carcinoid is a paraneoplastic syndrome resulting in

serotonin in the GI

A grade 1 tumor would be considered

well-differentiated

A grade IV tumor would be considered

poorly differentiated

Duke’s stage 1

cancer confined

Duke’s stage 2

locally invasive

Duke’s stage 3

spread, lymph nodes

Duke’s stage 4

distant sites

all tumors have 2 basic components

proliferating parenchyma, stroma is made of CT & blood vessels

Benign typically has the suffix

-oma

A melanoma is

malignant

a myeloma is

malignant

a lymphoma is

malignant

a carcinoma is

malignant

a sarcoma is

malignant

a blastoma is

immature in nervous system

a teratoma

more than 1 germ layer

in the ABCD’s of neoplasia, A stands for

asymmetry

in the ABCD’s of neoplasia, B stands for

border irregular

in the ABCD’s of neoplasia, C stands for

color mixed

in the ABCD’s of neoplasia, D stands for

diameter >6mm

Basal cell carcinoma

least malignant and most common

Squamous cell carcinoma involves

keratinocytes stratum spinosum on scalp, ears, lower lip, face, hands

__________ is the #1 killer

heart disease

Risk factors for breast cancer include

obesity, diet, being a woman

prostate cancer increases with

african american race, family history, diet of saturated fats

Smokers are more likely to have what type of lung cancer?

small cell

The most common lung cancer is

non small cell

A tumor of the lung involving the sympathetic nerve plexus is called

Horner’s

A tumor of the lung involving the cervical/thoracic sympathetic nerve is called

Pancoast

HNPCC is non-polyposis and is a syndrome of

colon cancer

FAP is a syndrome of colon cancer and has a risk of

100%

The #1 place involved in colon cancer is the

rectum

Bone cancer is highly

metastatic

an osteoblastic metastasis example is

prostate cancer

an osteolytic metastasis is

breast cancer

there is a preferential metastasis to bone because it is

highly vascular, growth factors, adhesion receptors, and a signal to home

ocular metastasis reaches the eye through the

blood stream

What part of the eye receives the most ocular metastasis

choroid

The hallmark of ocular metastasis is

proptosis/exophthalmos

The part of the uveal tract most affected by metastasis is

choroid

proptosis, palpable mass, diplopia, and ptosis are examples of

orbital

scotoma, VF deficit, metamorphopsia, loss of color vision are examples of

uveal

Metastasis at ciliary ganglion is called

claude bernard syndrome

Unilateral miosis, enopthalmos, and narrowed palpebral fissure are associated with

claude bernard syndrome

What is needed for RBC

EPO, protein, iron, B12, B6, vit c

If there is an increase in reticulocytes that indicates

blood loss

reticulocytes are supposed to be _____ normally

low

Hematocrit for men is

40-51%

Hematocrit for women is

36-47%