Western Civilization Key Events & Figures: Reformation to WWII

Reformation

People criticized corruption in the Catholic Church.

Printing Press

Spread new ideas quickly.

Johannes Gutenberg

Invented the Printing Press.

Martin Luther

Faith alone saves people; Bible is the highest authority; Wrote the 95 Theses.

John Calvin

Predestination.

Henry VIII

Created the Church of England after the Pope refused his divorce.

95 Theses

Start of Protestant Reformation.

Diet of Worms

Luther refused to take back his beliefs.

Council of Trent

Catholic Church reforms itself.

Edict of Nantes

Religious tolerance in France.

Thirty Years' War

Religious conflict in Europe.

Peace of Westphalia

Ends war and strengthens state sovereignty.

Elizabeth I

Religious compromise (Anglican Church); Strong leadership.

Spanish Armada

Philip II tried to invade England; England won.

Charles I

Raised taxes without Parliament; Started English Civil War.

Oliver Cromwell

Led Parliament's army.

Glorious Revolution

Removed James II; Brought William and Mary to power; Led to the English Bill of Rights.

English Bill of Rights

Parliament gained power; No taxation without Parliament.

Absolutism

King has total power.

Louis XIV

"I am the state." Built Palace of Versailles.

Peter the Great

Modernized Russia; Built Saint Petersburg.

Scientific Revolution

Knowledge should come from observation and experimentation.

Nicolaus Copernicus

Sun-centered universe.

Johannes Kepler

Elliptical orbits.

Galileo Galilei

Evidence for heliocentrism.

Isaac Newton

Gravity and laws of motion.

Thomas Hobbes

Strong government.

John Locke

Natural rights.

Voltaire

Free speech.

Montesquieu

Separation of powers.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Social contract.

Adam Smith

Capitalism.

Mary Wollstonecraft

Women's rights.

French Revolution

Causes include Old Regime and Three Estates inequality.

Napoleon

Took power after instability; Created Napoleonic Code; Failed invasion of Russia.

Congress of Vienna

Restored balance of power.

Industrial Revolution

Started in the United Kingdom.

Capitalism

Private ownership; Profit motive.

Socialism

Government ownership for public good.

Communism

Classless society; Developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

Nationalism

Pride in nation; Helped unify Germany and Italy.

MAIN Causes of WWI

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism.

Treaty of Versailles

Blamed Germany; Reparations; Reduced military.