World History Chapters 15 & 16 Vocab

salvation

the state of being saved (that is, going to heaven) through faith alone or through faith and good works

Frederick III

aka Frederick the Wise, Luther’s prince, had amassed more than 5,000 relics

Modern Devotion

popular mystical movement, downplayed Church practices and stressed the need to follow the teachings of Jesus

Protestant

a member of the Christian groups that broke away from the Roman Catholic Church during the Reformation in the 1500s

Gospel

the first four books of the New Testament in the Christian Bible

Ulrich Zwingli

a priest in the Swiss city of Zurich

John Calvin

a reformer and convert to Protestantism, fled France for the safety of Switzerland, in 1536, he published Institutes of the Christian Religion

Institutes of Christian Religion

A summary of John Calvin's understanding of Protestant thought

Justification

the process of being justified, or deemed worthy of salvation, by God

John Knox

Calvinist reformer of Scotland, called Geneva "the most perfect school of Christ on earth"

Geneva

a city of divine authority and where the most perfect school of Christ on earth is.

King Henry VIII

(1491-1547) King of England, he split with the Catholic Church and declared himself head of the Church of England, or Anglican Church.

annul

declare invalid

The Act of Supremacy of 1534

The King was the only supreme head of the Church of England. They could control doctrine, appointments, and discipline.

Thomas More

a Christian humanist and devout Catholic, opposed the king's action and was beheaded

Edward VI

Henry VIII's only son, who took England in a more Protestant direction during his short reign

Mary I

"Bloody Mary". Super-Catholic. Married Philip II of Spain. Killed protestants, or exiled them.

Anti-Semitism

hostility to or prejudice against Jews.

ghettos

formerly a district in a city in which Jews were required to live

Jesuit

aka the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.

Teresa of Avila

(1515-1582) Spanish Carmelite nun and one of the principal saints of the Roman Catholic Church; she reformed the Carmelite order. Her fervor for the Catholic Church proved inspiring for many people during the Reformation period.

Pope Paul III

saw the need for reform in the Catholic Church and named a reform commission in 1535 to determine the chrurch's ills

Council of Trent

A meeting of Roman Catholic leaders, called by Pope Paul III to rule on doctrines criticized by the Protestant reformers.

Francesco Sforza

led a band of mercenaries
conquered a city and became duke
built a strong central state & gov't

mercenary

A soldier who is paid to fight in a foreign army.

doge

elected leader of a republic

Cosimo de Medici

Took control of Florence and ran the gov't behind the scenes

Lorenzo de Medici

Cosimos grandson who dominated the city when Florence was the cultural center of Italy

Girolamo Savonarola

Dominican preacher who condemned the corruption and excesses of the Medici family. Citizens turned to him but he was accused of Heresy and sentenced to death.

Papal States

Rome and its surrounding territories in central Italy that came under the control of popes

Kingdom of Naples

dominated southern Italy; was the only one of the five major states ruled by a hereditary monarch

Baldassare Castiglione

wrote The Book of the Courtier

The Book of the Courtier

the characteristics of a perfect renaissance noble

Emancipated

legally freed

Christine de Pizan

Italian writer who lived in France & wrote in French. she's best known for her works written in the defense of women.

The Book of the City of Ladies

written between 1404 and 1405 by Christine de Pizan

she denounced the many male writers who had argued that women, by their very nature, are unable to learn

Tommasco di Giovannie “Masaccio”

his frescoes are the first masterpieces of Early Renaissance art (1400-1490), his figures have depth and “come alive”

Perspective

artistic technique used to give drawings and paintings a three-dimensional effect

The Tribute Money

Masaccio's most famous works
depicts the life story of Peter a christian saint

Donatello

sculptor that studied the statues of the Greeks & Romans.

Filippo Brunelleschi

Florentine architect who was the first great architect of the Italian Renaissance; built first dome over Cathedral of Florence

Sistine Chapel

Michelangelo painted the ceiling

Robert Campin

One of the earliest masters of oil painting. Most famous piece is Merode Altarpiece

Jan van Eyck

Flemish painter who was a founder of the Flemish school of painting and who pioneered modern techniques of oil painting (1390-1441)

Albrecht Durer

German artist who visited Italy in the late 1400s, learning techniques of realism and perspective, influencing later German Renaissance artists