Multicultural Psychology Midterm 2

What are the “Maxims” for conversational rules? Which two were added later?

Maxim of Quality, Maxim of Quantity, Maxim of Relevance, Maxim of Manner, but Relations with Conversational Partner and Rule Violations were added later

Define the nonverbal communication styles

Proxemics - Personal space

Kinesics - Bodily movement in conversations, including hand gestures, facial expression, and eye contact

Paralanguage - nonverbal vocal cues in conversation, such as loudness of voice, silences, and rates of speech.

Which gender specific communication styles are specific to women?

Tag questions, Qualifiers, Indirect communication

What are examples of tag questions and qualifiers?

Tag questions - “This is very interesting, don’t you think?”
Qualifiers - “I believe this is the best pasta I have ever tasted, but I may be wrong”

Describe Negative Stereotyping, Understanding, and Power Dynamics from the “7 Issues of Importance” Black communication pattern theory.

Negative Stereotyping - Stereotyping that casts a negative light and limits discussion of “black topics”

Understanding - “the sense that conversational partners have enough experience to understand the Black experience”

Power Dynamics - “creates a sense of powerlessness, inability to express self, and power taken back when individual rules are introduced”

What are the three cultural themes of Latinx communication?

“Contact” culture - communication with more physical contact/touch

Emotional Expressiveness - More interpersonal warmth

Use of sayings - Proverbs, sayings, or metaphors to express important cultural values

What cultural devices outside of verbal communication that similarly transmit values and beliefs?

Music and other art

What are the advantages and disadvantages of being bilingual?

Advantages - Better performance in conflict resolution non-verbal tasks and one degree of protection against cognitive decline

Disadvantages - Smaller vocabularies for languages, more ‘tip of the tongue’ moments, generate fewer words in times task

Define Attribution Theory and Ultimate Attribution Error.

Attribution Theory - a theory that attempts to determine the cause of a behavior

Ultimate Attribution Error - the tendency to ascribe the cause of behavior to dispositional characteristics of the group rather than an individual member.

Define Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination.

Stereotyping - a generalization about a group or its members based on their categorization

Prejudice - a negative judgement about a group or its members based on their categorization

Discrimination - a negative behavior toward a group or its members based on their categorization

Where does prejudicial influence begin.

cultural values within the family/home (are learned)

If prejudice is the evaluating component, what component is stereotyping, what component is discrimination?

Define Racism and Privilege.

Racism - discrimination behavior that is backed by institutional power

Privilege - a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group.

What are three types of Racism?

Overt racism, covert racism, aversive racism

What are the three different types of difference of abilities?

Physical, intellectual, and mental

What barrieres are there for differently abled people in society?

Environmental, Societal Attitudes, Organizations

Define Transgender and Cisgender

Transgender - individuals whose gender identity does not conform to societal expectations and may not coinside with the sex assigned at birth.

Cisgender - individuals whose gender identity conforms to societal expectations for the sex they were assigned at birth.

What historical moment changed the gay rights movement in 1969?

The Stonewall Riot

Define Passing and Heteronormativity

Passing - ability of a person to be regarded as an identified group or category

heteronormative - worldview that promotes heterosexuality as the “normal”/”preferred” sexual orientation.

What percentage of LGBTQIA+ experience verbal harassment?

1 in 2 LGBTQIA+ people

What percentage of homeless youth identify as LGBTQIA+?

40% of the youth homeless population

What are the implications of violence against the LGBTQIA+ community?

Suicide, lack of self-esteem, fear of coming out, lack of sense of safety, depression, anxiety

What harmful interventions are used in Conversion Therapy?

Shaming, mental manipulation/abuse, emotionally traumatic stimuli, Physically painful stimuli

What are two reasons why gender is perceived as a social construct?

gender is fluid and not categorical and changes in different cultures.

What was the name of the organization created in 1976 to ‘help’ LGBTQIA+ folk?

Exodus

What was the theory the Living Hope Ministires taught to show how people ‘struggled with same sex attraction’?

You must have a bad relationship with your same sex parent or have been sexually abused.

What was the “therapy” given to those within ministries to “cure” them of homosexuality?

One-on-one meetings/confessionals, group sessions

What was the law that passed in California in 2008 that prohibited LGBTQIA+ marriage?

Define Health and Healthy Psychology

Health - a complete state of physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Healthy Psychology - the study of psychological influences on how people stay healthy, why they become ill, and how they respond when they do get ill.

What are the names of the 7 areas of analysis within the Health Belief Model?

Susceptibility, severity, benefits, barriers, self-efficacy, motivation, cues to action

What are the issues health disparities often focus on?

healthcare access, quality healthcare, and comprehensive examination

What barriers are there to obtaining health care?

Racism, sexism, poverty, language, citizen status, availability

Define Allostatic Load

The psychological cost of chronic stress

What type of assistance do the four CLAS MANDATES ensure?

language assistance, preferred language assistance, competence of language skills, language signage.

What are reasons culturally diverse folks may be less likely to reach out for mental health help?

may be told to ‘keep issues at home’, parental influences, may not believe clinician understands.

What is the ratio of people who seek mental health services?

1 in 3

Define Prevalence and Incidence

Prevalence - the current rate of a particular disorder at a given point in time

Incidence - the number of new cases of a disorder diagnosed in a given period of time

What are problems with the large studies of ethnocultural differences in mental illness?

lack recognition of differences within the group