BIO 223 Exam 4 Q/A

Dr. Cavanaugh

What is happening to a receptor when it has undergone adaptation 

It stops responding to an ongoing stimulus 

Which of the following mechanoreceptors transmit fine touch stimuli

Tactile corpuscles

You put your bare hand on a metal railing in freezing temperatures (below 0^*C). Sensation from this cold railing is transmitted via what type of receptors

Nociceptors

Where in the body would you expect to find the smallest receptive fields

Fingertips

What is the result of the baroreceptor reflex

Reduction of heart rate

Where do cell bodies of preganglionic neurons reside

Central nervous system

Which division of the autonomic nervous system stimulates rest and digest functions 

Parasympathetic 

Spinal nerves of the sympathetic division originates where

Thoracic and lumbar spinal cord

Preganglionic neurons release which of the following neurotransmitters

Acetylcholine

Autonomic ganglia of the parasympathetic division are located where

Close to the effector

Postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division release which of the following neurotransmitters? 

Acetylcholine, epinephrine and norepinephrine 

Postganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic division release which of the following neurotransmitters 

Acetylcholine

True/False: One division of the autonomic nervous system is active at a time. When one is active, the other is completely shut down 

False 

Olfactory receptors are what type of receptors 

Chemoreceptors 

After an action potential is generated in an olfactory neuron, the impulse first travels to the

Primary olfactory cortex

What is the function of basal cells in the olfactory epithelium and taste buds

Replace sensory receptors

Which of the following is NOT a taste sensation

Spicy

After an action potential is generated by a gustatory cell, what is the order of brain regions that will be stimulated 

Medulla oblongata → Thalamus → Primary Gustatory cortex 

What is the function of the pigmented layer of the retina

Prevent scattering of light

What muscular structure controls the shape of the len

Cilliary body

Photoreceptors are found in what layer of the eye

Neural layer

The region of the retina with the highest concentration of photoreceptors

Fovea Centralis

The anterior cavity of the eyeball is filled with a fluid called 

Aqueous humor 

Why does the lens change shape for near vision 

To shorten the focal distance 

In order to allow accommodation of the lens, the ciliary body

Contracts, relaxing the suspensory ligaments

Which photoreceptors function best in the bright light and provide color vision

Cones

In the dark, photoreceptors

Depolarize releasing inhibitory glutamate onto bipolar cells

The overlapping visual fields of each eye result what type of vision

stereoscopic

What is the function of the auricle

Funnel sound waves into external auditory canal

What is the function of the auditory ossicles

Amplify sound waves AND convert sound waves in air into fluid movement

The stapes vibrate against what structure of the inner ear

Oval window

What is the structure where some visual stimuli from each eye cross over to the opposite side of the eardrum

Optic chiasma

The frequency of a sound wave determines the

Pitch

Pressure waves in the cochlear duct will cause what part of the spiral organ to vibrate 

Basilar membrane 

What causes action potential in the cochlear nerves

Bending of stereocilia against tectorial membrane

Hair cells in the spiral organ are depolarized when ____ ions flow into the cell

K+

Auditory signals from the cochlea first synapse with interneurons in what part of the brain

Medulla-pons junction 

Perception of pitch is determined by ______ while perception of loudness is determined by _____

Which area of basilar movement vibrates; how much the basilar membrane vibrates 

Hair cells within the maculae of the utricle and saccule are embedded in a gelatinous mass called 

Otolithic membrane 

True/False: Semicircular ducts can only detect changes in two planes of movement 

False 

Hair cells in the ampullae are embedded in a gelatinous mass called

Cupula

Detection of rotational movements depends upon the movement of _____ in the semicircular ducts 

Endolymph 

Responses to vestibular nerve input which of the following

All the choices are correct (muscle movement to produce changes in posture, cognitive awareness of head position/movement, eye movement)

Sense that pertain to touch, stretch, and pain 

General somatic sense 

Senses that include vibration, two-point discrimination, and light touch

Tactile senses

In the pathway of a general somatic sense, where are third-order neurons found

Thalamus

In a motor pathway, where are the cell bodies of upper motor neurons located

Primary motor cortex

Baroreceptors would be classified as

Interoceptors

Which of the following are NOT fine touch receptors

Bulbous corpuscles

Which of the following can serve as tactile receptors, thermoreceptors, and nociceptors

Free nerve endings 

Receptors that monitor pH, carbon dioxide, and oxygen in arterial blood

Chemoreceptors

Which structure in the somatic motor pathway serves to inhibit movements until it receives excitatory stimuli from the cerebral cortex 

Basal nuclei 

What effect does the parasympathetic division of the ANS have on the tension generated by skeletal muscle cells during a muscle contraction 

No effect on the tension generated 

Glutamate and other amino acids trigger gustatory cells associated with which taste sensation 

Umami 

Cells that alter the sensitivity of the retina allowing for adaptation to changing light levels 

Both amacrine and horizontal cells 

What is motor error 

Difference between intended movement and realized movement 

What part of the brain is responsible for monitoring motor error

Cerebellum

What is a motor program

The group of neurons that are recruited to create a particular series of actions and create an overall movement 

True/False: Motor programs are fixed and cannot be altered over time

False

A basketball player that practices free throws over and over is engaging in

Motor learning

Receptors that are normally inactive

Phasic receptors

Receptors that show little peripheral adaptation

Tonic receptors 

Pain receptors are usually 

Tonic receptors 

Receptors that respond to the change in a stimulus are classified as

Phasic receptors

Olfactory receptors and most touch receptors are usually

Phasic receptors

True/False: The parasympathetic nervous system has more widespread effects than the sympathetic nervous system 

False 

In the pathway of a general somatic sense, where are third-order neurons found

Spinal cord or brainstem

In order for a somatic sensation to be consciously perceived, the third-order neuron must synapse on a neuron found where

Primary somatosensory cortex

In the pathway of a somatic sensation, what triggers an action potential in the first-order sensory neuron

Either a sensory receptor or a stimulus 

Sympathetic neurons that innervate the adrenal medulla trigger 

Release of epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood stream 

Epinephrine are norepinephrine are

hormones AND neurotransmitters released by ganglionic fibers of the sympathetic system

In the sympathetic system 

All choices are correct (ganglionic neurons release ACh, epinephrine, or norepinephrine, preganglionic neurons relase ACh, a single preganglionic fiber synapses on many ganglionic fibers)

The selection of a specific motor program is performed by what part of the brain

Premotor cortex

What role does the thalamus play in a somatic motor pathway

The thalamus stimulates upper motor neurons in the primary motor cortex

Lower motor neurons are stimulated by

Upper motor neurons in the primary motor cortex

Lower motor neurons are located in the 

Spinal cord AND brainstem 

Lower motor neurons synapse on

Skeletal muscle

Betty has been taking antihistamines to help with her allergies. A side effect is that her nasal membranes has become very dry. How will this affect her sense of smell 

It will diminish her sense of smell because odorants need to be dissolved in mucous to stimulate olfactory receptors 

What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on the eye

Dilation of pupils

What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation of the lungs

Dilation of bronchioles

Which of the following is NOT an effect of sympathetic stimulation on the digestive system

Relaxation of sphincters 

Which of the following is an effect of sympathetic stimulation on the urinary system 

Constriction of urinary sphincters 

What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation on the salivary glands

Increased production of saliva

What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation on the heart

Decreased heart rate

Which of the following is an effect of the parasympathetic system on the digestive system

Increased secretion of glands 

Which of the following is an effect of the parasympathetic system on the urinary system

Relaxation of sphincters 

Vibrations are detected by what type of sensory receptor

Tactile receptors

Pressure changes are detected by what type of sensory receptors

Baroreceptors

Changes in the position of joint are detected by which type of sensory receptor

Proprioceptors

The sensations of a deep tissue massage are detected by

Bulbous and lamellar corpuscles

Low frequency vibrations are detected by

Tactile corpuscles

Tactile corpuscles in the skin that are sensitive to shape and texture

Tactile discs

Receptors that detect changes in the volume of distensible organs like the stomach, urinary bladder, and lungs

Baroreceptors

Receptors that monitor tension during a contraction

Golgi tendon organs

Receptors that detect movement of hairs

Root hair plexus

Receptors that monitor length

Muscle spindles 

A visual stimulus in the right visual field will stimulate photoreceptors on the _____ side of the retina of ____ eye

Left; Each 

When stimulated, photoreceptors will _____ onto _____

Increase the release of glutamate; Bipolar cells

Once stimulated bipolar cells in the retina will _____ which will then _____

Stimulate ganglionic cells; generate action potentials in both optic nerves

Axons from both eyes will synapse on neurons in the _____ which will then synapse on neurons on the ______ in the _____ lobe

Thalamus; primary visual cortex; Occiptal