unit 6: ib bio hl

somatic

non-sex cells

mitosis

cell division where a daughter cell is genetically identical to the parent

What type of reproduction is mitosis?

asexual

meiosis

cell division that produces gametes & reduces the amount of genetic info in each cell

gametes

sex cells

what type of reproduction is meiosis?

sexual

cytokinesis

the process when the cytoplasm of the parent cell splits for the 2 daughter cells to seperate

cytokinesis for prokaryotic cells

they divide by binary fission

cytokinesis for eukaryotic cells

they divide by mitosis or meiosis

why do cells undergo cell division

to produce gametes for sexual reproduction and to replace cells that have been lost or damaged

equal division in plant cells

they form a cell plate in the center of the cell that eventually joins to the plasma membrane and becomes a cell wall

equal division in animal cells

they form a micro-filament ring in the center of the cells and that eventually becomes a cleavage furrow that equally separates the cell

oogenesis

the process of producing mature egg cells or over in humans

why does there need to be an unequal distribution in oogenesis?

the unequal distribution of cytoplasmic contents is essential for the development of a healthy and functional embryo

budding

the outgrowth of a genetically identical daughter cell from the parent cell

what type of reproduction is budding

asexual

how does budding work

the bud starts small and grow in size until it forms a fully developed cell that can function independently from the parent cell

anucleate cell

a eukaryotic cell without a nucleus

mitosis (in-depth)

somantic cells producing diploid daughter cells (each with chromosome 2n)

what does mitosis produce cells for

growth and replacement of lost/damaged cells

meiosis (in-depth)

production of 4 haploid genetically unique daughter nuclei —>gametes

why must meiosis produce genetically unique daughter cells

because of crossing over and independent assortment

crossing over

the exchange of equivalent segments of DNA between non-sister chromatids

independent assortment

the separation of homologous chromosomes & sister chromatids being independent of their pair during meiosis due to random orientation

meiosis —> haploid formation

a diploid cell goes through 2 rounds of nuclear division and produces 4 daughter cells that contain ½ the normal # of chromosomes (n)