propedeutics small animals- respiratory system exploration

does it breathe normally- do you hear any sounds?

can it exercise?

is the animal coughing- when?

what questions might we ask the owner about its pet regarding respiration?

a chronic, lifelong, debilitating, primarily obstructive airway disease which adversely affects the quality of life of many popular dog breeds

characterized by stenotic nares, extended nasopharyngeal turbinates, elongated soft palate, everted laryngeal saccules, laryngeal collapse, and hypoplastic trachea

what is brachycephalic syndrome?

bulldog, pug, boxer, pekinese, shih tzu, persian, exotic, shorthair, burnese, etc

what breeds does brachycephalic syndrome commonly affect?

kennel cough

what respiratory problem might be caused by environmental conditions?

distemper, tumors, tracheal collapse

what respiratory problems might be caused by old age?

wet, cold, smooth

how should the snout appear?

fever

what does a hot, dry nose indicate?

abcesses, tumors, fractures, fistulas

what types of deformities might we see on the nose?

foreign bodies, neoplasia, polyps

what causes unilateral nasal discharge?

tracheitis, bronchitis, pneumonia

what can cause bilateral nasal discharge?

serosal

mucous

purulent

hermorrhagic

foamy

what are the 5 types of nasal discharge?

transparent, acellular. due to a mild, non-infectious disease (acute part)

describe a serosal nasal discharge

mucous discharge

non infectious, chronic nasal disease

if the animal's nose leaks clear discharge that is acellular and has a high protein content, what is this called? is it due to an infectious disease?

whitish to yellowish. neutrophils and bacteria

describe a purulent nasal discharge

hemorrhagic

which type of nasal discharge is bloody?

epistaxis

what is the medical term for nose bleed?

pulmonary edema

what causes a foamy nasal discharge?

serous with bubbles

describe foamy nasal discharge

serosal

what type of nasal discharge would be caused by a mild, non infectious disease?

mucous

what type of nasal discharge would be caused by a chronic, non infectious disease?

unilateral

what is it called when there is discharge only from one nostril?

serosal

what is this discharge called?

mucous

what is this discharge called?

hemorrhagic

what is this discharge called?

purulent

what is this discharge called?

rhinoscope

what do we use to internally explore the nose?

a camera and a light that is inserted into the nose to explore the nasal cavity

what is a rhinoscope?

rhinoscope

what is this instrument?

foreign bodies, tumors, nasal mucosa status

rhinoscopy can be used to check for....

sensibility, temperature, consistency, crackles

when we palpate the nose, what characteristics do we check?

1. stertors/snoring

2. stridors/wheezing

what are the 2 types of abnormal breathing sounds?

stertors/snoring

what are the abnormally deep respiratory sounds called?

stridors/wheezing

what are the abnormally sharp/acute respiratory sounds called?

-accumulation of dense exudates (fluid leaking out of blood vessels)

-membranes that vibrate as air passes

what causes the deep sounds of stertors/snoring?

-narrowing of nasal passages- due to inflammation, foreign bodies, masses, etc

-upper airway obstruction

what causes the sharp/acute noises of stridors/wheezing?

air

what are paranasal sinuses filled with?

3- frontal, maxillary, and sphenoidal, but we can only examine the frontal ones

how many paranasal sinuses do cats have?

2- frontal and maxillary

how many paranasal sinuses do dogs have, and which?

rhinitis or dental problems

what causes sinusitis?

sinusitis in the maxillary sinuses

a molar infection might cause what other problem?

frontal sinus

cat- what is 1?

frontal sinus

dog- what is 1?

maxillary sinus

dog- what is 2?

frontal sinus

what is the red part called?

maxillary sinus

what is the blue part called?

-asymmetry/deformities

-size changes

-lesions

what do we check for when we explore the paranasal sinuses?

hypersonorus/tympanic- hollow

when we percuss the paranasal sinuses, what sound should we hear in normal conditions?

there are masses or exudate in the sinuses

we hear submatte/matte sounds when percussing the paranasal sinuses when what is wrong?

the frontal sinus

this is an issue with what part of the animal?

asymmetries, neoplasms, dysphagia, ptyalism, extended neck

by externally inspecting the pharynx, what problems can we observe?

condition of overproducing saliva

what is ptyalism?

pharyngitis, ulcers, foreign bodies, tumors

by internally inspecting the pharynx, what problems can we observe?

pharyngitis (inflammation of the pharynx)

what is the problem with this cat?

foreign body stuck in the pharynx

what is the problem here?

we must sedate the animal and use a laryngoscope

how can we explore the larynx internally?

internal inspection of the larynx

what is a laryngoscope used for?

lidocaine

in cats, what must we use if we must intubate?

cats

which species require lidocaine when intubating?

asphyxia

edema in the larynx might put the animal at risk for ......

laryngitis

what is the medical term for inflammation of the larynx?

a laryngoscope

what is this?

it cannot eat/breathe

what problems might the animal have if it has laryngeal paralysis?

endoscope

what do we use to internally inspect the trachea?

the dorsal part of the trachea falls inside

what is tracheal collapse?

the trachea has collapsed

trachea- what is the problem?

-volume/shape

-deviation

-ring integrity

-sensibility (pain)

-cough reflex

what do we check when palpating the trachea?

if we gently press the trachea and the animal coughs, there is tracheitis

what is the cough reflex, and what can we diagnose when performing this?

tracheal palpation

what is being performed?

cough reflex

what reflex is tested when palpating the trachea?

tracheitis

if the animal coughs when we gently press its trachea, this indicates what issue?

irritation or inflammation of the airways (larynx, trachea, bronchi)

stimulus: chemicals, physical, viral, bacterial, mucus

what is coughing caused by?

vagus

sensitive information is transferred by the _____ nerve to the cough center

cigarettes, carpet with mites, aerosols

what are some environmental causes of cough?

small breeds

what breeds easily have tracheal collapse?

asthma, infectious bronchitis

cats are more prone than dogs to what respiratory issues?

tracheal collapse, cardiopathy

excitation and exercise puts the animal more at risk for what respiratory issues?

1. productive

2. dry/ non-productive

what are the 2 types of coughs?

non-productive

what type of cough- productive or non-productive requires treatment?

we must treat the cause, not the cough itself

how do we treat a productive cough?

the expulsion of mucus or sputum with the cough through the nose or mouth

what is expectoration?

a thick type of mucus made in your lungs

what is sputum?

irritations and emphysema

what are the consequences caused by a dry/non-productive cough?

the gradual damage of lung tissue, specifically the destruction of the alveoli

what is emphysema?

legs spread, neck extended

what is a dyspnoeic posture?

-dyspnoeic posture

-slow, fast, or noisy breathing

-cyanotic mucosa

-cough

-sneezing

-runny nose

-chest deformations

what symptoms are specific of a respiratory problem?

-lethargy

-anorexia

-depression

-weakness

-exercise intolerance

what are the symptoms may be caused by a respiratory problem but do not necessarily indicate a respiratory problem (unspecific signs)?

cyanotic mucosa

what is this called?

bilateral- because there are 2 lungs

do we perform a unilateral or bilateral inspection of the thorax?

constant- inspiration, expiration, and pauses must be regular in duration

how must the respiration rhythm be?

difficulty in air entry (airway stenosis)

if there is inspiration prolongation, what could be the cause?

upper

if there is inspiration prolongation (breathing in takes too long), is this an upper or lower respiratory tract issue?

inspiratory dyspnea

what is the medical word for inspiratory prolongation?

expiratory dyspnea

what is the medical term for expiratory prolongation?

lungs

expiratory dyspnea indicates that the animal has a problem in what part of the body?

emphysema, loss of lung elasticity, pneumonia

what might the problem be that causes expiratory dyspnea?

the animal has pain in the thorax or abdomen

if there are prolonged pauses in respiration, what is the problem?

inspiration

which should be shorter- inspiration or expiration?

-the amplitude of respiratory movements

-the difference on displacement of the ribs at the end of inspiration and at the end of expiration

what is respiratory depth?

not very noticeable

should the respiratory depth be noticeable?

hyperpneas

what is the word for pathological deep breaths?