WHAP - Period 2 Terms Combined (A & B)

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Legitimizing Power

how a ruler or government proves that the people should obey the government; proves a ruler is the rightful leader

Consolidate Power

how a ruler or government gets power to control the people/land; adding more power to the leader and government

Ivan III (the Great)

Prince of the duchy of Moscow; responsible for freeing Russia from the Mongols; took the title of tsar.

Ivan IV (the Terrible)

Confirmed power of tsarist autocracy by attacking the authority of the boyars; continued policy of expansion; established contacts with western European commerce and culture.

Boyars

Russian landowner and member of aristocracy; ranked just below the royal family and advised the tsar (king)

Peter I (the Great)

Tsar from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; sought to change selected aspects of the economy and culture through imitation of western European models.

Westernization

Process in which traditional cultures come under the influence of Western culture.

Gunpowder Empire

Asian empires that used firearms developed from Chinese gunpowder, including cannons, to expand and control their territories (Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires)

Ottoman Empire

major Sunni Muslim empire in Middle East, North Africa, and Eastern Europe from 1350-1918; led by Turkish Muslims and used military and bureaucracy to expand and control territories (conquered other governments and used taxation and laws to control the people)

Devshirme

Ottoman Empire's policy of forcing Christian children to convert to Islam and be educated to work in the government (based jobs on merit and talent); collected children from families as part of tax owed to the Ottoman emperor

Janissaries

soldier in Ottoman army; military made up of prisoners of war and Christians who were forced to join as children; part of standing army but had strict rules including celibacy (not having children or sexual relationships)

Vizier

head of the Ottoman bureaucracy; after the 15th century often more powerful than the sultan.

Safavid dynasty

founded by a Turkic nomad family with Shi'a Islamic beliefs, not religiously tolerant; established a kingdom in Iran and ruled until 1722, believed emperor was related to Muhammad.

Shah

term for Shiite Muslim leader of Persia (Safavid Empire); believed to be a descendant of Muhammad and a religious and political leader

Chaldiran

an important battle between the Safavids and Ottomans in 1514; Ottoman victory demonstrated the importance of firearms and checked the western advance of the Safavid Shi'a state.

Abbas I, the Great

Safavid shah (1587-1629); extended the empire to its greatest extent; used Western arts and military technology such as rifles and artillery; Started Persian rug industry; implemented religious toleration

Mughal dynasty

established by Turkic invaders in 1526 in South Asia; minority Muslim rule over majority Hindu population; endured until the mid-19th century.

Akbar

built up the military and administrative structure of the dynasty; followed policies of cooperation and toleration with the Hindu majority.

Aurangzeb

reversed previous policies to purify Islam of Hindu influences; incessant warfare depleted the empire's resources.

Sikhs

Indian sect, beginning as a synthesis of Hindu and Muslim faiths; pushed to opposition to Muslim and Mughul rule.

Ming Dynasty

Chinese dynasty that ruled from 1368-1644; government that replaced the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, reinstated the Civil Service Exams, Neo-Confucianism, foreign tributes, and spread influence through trade

Qing Dynasty

Chinese dynasty that ruled from 1644-1911 (last Chinese dynasty); Manchurian government (northern Asia) that conquered the Ming Empire; strict separation of Han Chinese and Manchurians, opposed foreign influence on China, and used Civil Service Exams and Neo-Confucianism in government

Forbidden City

built by Ming emperors in early 1400s as center of government; only certain people allowed in and buildings used specifically for rituals, government work, and imperial family members

Hongwu

first Ming emperor (1368-1403); liberated China from Mongol rule and restored traditional Chinese values in the bureaucracy

Zheng He

Chinese admiral who led seven overseas trade expeditions under Ming emperor Yunglo between 1405 and 1423; demonstrated that the Chinese were capable of major ocean exploration.

Eunuch

term for a man who was castrated (sexual organs removed); allowed special and important roles in many governments because not considered a threat to female members of royal courts (guarded and served them) and believed to be loyal to government/ruler instead of family

Samurai

Japanese troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor.

Daimyo

landowner in Japan given control over land in exchange for supporting the shogun; used samurai as soldiers and taxed land (feudal system)

Shogun

military leader of Japan; "protected" the emperor and used military and giving land to daimyo to rule Japan under a feudal system

Renaissance

Period from 1300s-1600s in which Europeans emphasized art, classical history, creativity, education, and innovation; challenged many medieval European ideas and helped begin the Early Modern Period

Humanism

Belief that people should focus on their powers of reason to explain the world, not only religion, and that people can fully understand everything in nature; based on Classical Greek ideals

Johannes Gutenberg

Introduced movable type to western Europe in the 15th century; greatly expanded the availability of printed materials

Martin Luther

German Catholic Monk who initiated the Protestant Reformation; emphasized the primacy of faith in place of Catholic sacraments for gaining salvation; rejected papal authority

Indulgence

Catholic Church’s practice of forgiving someone’s sins or decreasing punishment so that person spends less time in purgatory before going to heaven

Predestination

Protestant Christian belief that God already knows if a person will be “saved” (go to heaven) before he/she is born, so a person cannot do good works to make up for sins

Anglicanism

Protestant religion based in England that made the English monarch the head of the Church; kept traditions from the Catholic Church but developed new interpretations and became more protestant over time

Puritan

Protestant Christian who wanted to reform the Church of England (Anglican Church) to remove Catholic influences; emphasized education to read the Bible and personal morality and relationship with God

Catholic Counter Reformation

Religious movement to make changes to the Catholic Church in response to the Protestant Reformation; attempted to end practices like simony and priests having children

Spanish Inquisition

Attempt to remove challenges to the Catholic Church from Spain; investigated and punished people accused of having different religious views (Jewish or non-Catholics)

Jesuit

Branch of Catholic priests dedicated to education, missions to convert people to Catholicism, scholarship, and defending Catholic Church; focused on spreading Catholicism and preventing the spread of protestant religions

95 Thesis

Document written by Martin Luther, a German priest, who challenged specific practices and traditions of the Catholic Church, including simony and selling indulgences; one of the documents that began the Protestant Reformation

Sacrament

Religious ceremony that represents an important event in life/religion; Catholics believe there are seven (baptism, confirmaation, Holy Communion, marriage, penance, becoming a priest, and last rights) but Protestants only believe in two (baptism and communion)

Edict of Nantes

1598 decision by the French King Henry IV to give more religious freedoms to Protestants living in the Catholic Country; Protestants were allowed to inherit land, attend schools, and receive care in hospitals without being denied because of their religion

Intendant

Part of the Fremch bureaucracy; represented the king in specific parts of the kingdom; appointed by the king and had power to supervise/ check on other government officials and became more powerful than many local leaders/aristocrats

East India Companies

British, French, and Dutch trading companies that obtained government monopolies of trade to India and Asia; acted independently in their regions by creating their own alliances, treaties, and governments to promote and control trade

Columbian Exchange

Movement of food, animals, ideas and people from the New World to the Old World and vice versa; resulted in population growth in the "Old World" because of better nutrition; major effect in Americas was the introduction of European diseases and deaths of Native Americans.

Mercantilism

Economic system in which colonies support the Mother Country by producing raw materials and selling them to the European country, which uses then to make manufactured goods they sell to the colonists; the goal is to accumulate as much gold and silver as possible

Indentured Servitude

System in which a farmer paid for someone to travel to the Americas in exchange for that individual working on the farm for a certain amount of time.

Chattel Slavery

System of considering slavery as a condition that is inherited from parents (usually mother) instead of as a punishment for a crime, debt, or capture in war; fewer opportunities to gain freedom and more restrictions and limits on freedom

Casta System

Spanish class system developed in New Spain that placed peninsulares (people born in Europe) at the highest positions with the most benefits and control of the government, criollos (people with European parents born in the colonies) next with some opportunities for political and economic control, mestizos in the middle (parents European and indigenous) with fewer rights, and other groups of multiple ethnicities at the bottom of society

Encomienda System

Grants of land and indigenous laborers given to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Latin America; based on system of manorialism and established a system in which Europeans were able to benefit the most economically by forcing indigenous people to work for them (focus on mining) in exchange for food, protection, shelter, and becoming Christian

Hacienda System

Plantation system developed in New Spain because of increased population of colonists and deaths of enslaved indigenous people; Spanish colonists given land to farm and raise cattle to sell and allowed to use coerced labor based on workers owing money to the landowners and working it off (rarely happened)

African Diaspora

Forced removal of African people (larger percentage of men than women) to other parts of the world as forced labor; largest populations in South America, Europe, and Asia

Bartolomé de la Casas

Dominican friar who supported peaceful conversion of the Native American population; opposed forced labor and advocated for more rights for indigenous peoples 

Moctezuma II

Last independent Aztec ruler; killed during Cortés’ conquest

Galleons

Large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain and East Asia (to buy goods)

Treaty of Tordesillas

agreed in 1494 between Castile and Portugal; decided by the pope to divide land claims between Spain and Portugal; Spain free to claim land in North and South America (except Brazil) and Portugal able to claim land in Africa and Asia (except Philippines)

Triangular Trade

System of transporting raw materials from the 13 English Colonies to Europe where they were used to create manufactured goods; those goods were traded to African kingdoms in exchange for enslaved people who were transported to the colonies to grow the raw materials

Joint Stock Company

Owned by multiple investors who bought stocks in the company, which helped them divide the risk (if a ship sank or goods were less valuable, no one person would lose all of the money) and investors would get that same percentage of the profits from selling the goods

Middle Passage

Route by which slave traders transported new slaves from Africa to colonies in the Americas; known for the terrible conditions and brutal treatment of the enslaved peoples; 10-15% of people enslaved died

Trading Post Empire

System of gaining control of small areas of land and port cities to control trade in a region; made money from taxing and controlling trade

Engenho

Term for Portuguese sugar plantation; goal was to produce as much sugar as possible because of its value, so working conditions were incredibly dangerous and killed many of the enslaved people working there

Syncretism

Process of combining elements of different cultures into new religions, languages, and systems; developed new traditions in the Americas like creole/Gullah languages and Vodun religion