hosa polan taylor combined flashcards

preschool age range

3-5

growth trend in preschool

slow and steady

what are preschoolers focused on?

• gross/fine motor skills

• improving vocab

• increasing knowledge of environment

preschool weight gain per year

5-7 lbs

preschool height growth per year

2.5-3 in

what accounts for the slenderer look during preschool?

loss of subcutaneous adipose tissue

what accounts for more adultlike proportions during preschool?

growth of extremities > growth of trunk

what disappears in preschool in the body that leads to a reduction of the potbelly look?

lordosis and protuberant abdomen

what decreases in proportion to the whole body in preschool?

head and neck

what accounts for 75% of the weight gain during preschool?

rapid growth in muscles

what causes a more adducted foot position in preschool, and what does the adducted foot position cause?

• hips rotating inward

• foot → center of the body, which leads to better balance and straighter posture

what replaces the red marrow in the long bones during preschool?

fat

where is marrow found after preschool?

flat bones

what does red marrow do?

helps body produce red blood cells

how often should dentist visits be?

every 6 months

what snacks should preschoolers be encouraged to eat?

low carb

when does visual acuity improve to 20/20?

3 years

what contributes to some of the clumsiness in early preschool?

lack of depth perception

when are depth perception and color detection fully established?

age 5

avg pulse in preschool

90-100 bpm

avg blood pressure in preschool

100/60 mm Hg

normal range for respiratory rate in preschool

22-25 breaths per min

what permits for a lower rate of respiration during preschool?

growth of lungs → better efficiency

what gross motor skills do 4 year olds have?

• walking/running on tiptoes

• hopping

• balancing on one foot for 3-5 seconds

• using alternating feet while descending stairs

• pedaling tricycles while navigating corners and turns quickly

• catching a ball with extended arms and hands

what gross motor skills do 5 year olds have?

• jumping rope

• skipping

• walking on a balance beam

• catching a ball with both hands

• imitating/learning simple dances

what fine motor skills do 4 year olds have?

• self-care activities

• wash and dry hands w/out supervision

• using buttons, zippers, and snaps

• recognize front/back of clothes

• handle spoon

• recognize need for toilet w/ some supervision

• draw simple face

• using scissors along a line

what fine motor skills do 5 year olds have?

• copying letters

• printing their names

• drawing faces + body parts

• going to the toilet independently

discipline practices in preschool

• teaching how to channel emotions into words

• using positive reinforcement

• short duration due to limited concept of time

purpose of preschool

to foster holistic development (cognitive, motor, social) and prepare them for formal school

centration

inability to focus on several aspects of situation

reversibility

understanding of how two actions might be related to eachother;

what is the reasoning for a preschooler’s thinking based on?

earlier experiences

when do children start developing a superego/conscience?

preschool

language at age 4

• 3-4 word sentences

• understand who, what, where questions

language at age 5

• 5+ word sentences

• 2000-2400 word vocab

age 3 vs age 5 phone call skills

• age 3: no interactive convo; can’t answer questions if asked on the other end of a phone

• age 5: can converse

when should children learn their personal info how to dial 911?

preschool

avg daily caloric needs for younger preschoolers

1000-1400 calories

avg daily caloric needs for 4-5 year olds

1200-1600 calories

milk requirements for preschoolers

1 pint per day

weight-for-height chart percentile for obesity during early childhood

over 85th percentile

preschool sleep requirement

10-12 hours per day

avg nap length during preschool

30-60 mins

what helps reduce conflict over bedtime in preschool?

consistent bedtime routines

night terrors

sudden awakening where child sits up screaming; child doesn’t remember in the morning

cooperative play

organized effort that requires collaboration

associative play

playing alongside one another w/out shared goal

what type of play do preschoolers engage in?

cooperative/associative play

what is the federal regulation for children’s nightclothes?

flame-resistance

major cause for accidental death in preschool

motor vehicle crashes

what vaccines must preschoolers get?

• dtap

• ipv

• mmr

• var

• annual flu vaccine

dtap

diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis vaccine

ipv

polio vaccine

mmr

measles, mumps, rubella vaccine

var

varicella vaccine

concern with prolonged thumbsucking

malalignment of teeth

enuresis

bedwetting

is enuresis more common in girls or boys?

boys

how to approach enuresis

• limiting fluid intake after 5 pm

• taking child to toilet in evening hours

how should parents approach child’s fears in preschool?

acknowledge and reassure

how common is autism in children in the u.s.?

1/68

age range of school age

6-11

puberty

developmental period where the body prepares for changes needed for reproduction

5 accomplishments during school age

• slow and steady growth

• family → peer relationships

• less self-centered, more goal-directed

• loss of deciduous teeth and appearance of permanent teeth

• sexual curiosity → sexual tranquility

school age growth trends

slow and steady growth, growth spurt at the end w start of puberty

height growth rate per year in school age

2-3 in.

weight gain rate per year in school age

4.5-6.5 lbs

age 6 girl avg height and weight

• 45 in.

• 46 lbs

age 10 girl avg height and weight

• 59 in.

• 88 lbs

how much faster do bones mature in girls than boys?

2 years earlier

cause of growing pains

stretching of ligaments/muscles when bones grow

what race shows earlier bone development?

african american

why does a school age child’s posture change

• shift of center of gravity downward as muscle strength increase

• stronger ab muscles → pelvis tips backward

when is visual maturity reached?

6-7 yrs

when does the first deciduous teeth start to loosen?

6-7 yrs

first tooth to fall out

lower central incisor

in what order to permanent teeth grow?

same as deciduous

what causes “ugly duckling” period during school age?

large teeth in proportion to face

malocclusion

malposition of the teeth

what percent of ppl have malocclusion in school age?

75%

why do school-age children have less digestive intolerances/disturbances?

maturation of the gastrointestinal/ system

when does the immune system fully mature and what is it marked by?

• school age

• peak in antibody levels

what lymphatic tissues are in the nasopharynx and what is special abt them during school age?

• adenoids and tonsils

• disproportionately large

avg pulse during school age

90 bpm

how common are functional heart murmurs during school age?

50%

avg blood pressure in school age and reason for increase

• 100/60 mm Hg

• development of left ventricle

how do hemoglobin and hematocrit levels change during school age?

increase slightly

how do red/white blood cell counts change during school age?

decrease slightly

when do alveoli (air sacs) fully mature?

8 yrs

avg respiratory rate during school age

20 breaths per min

what are girls better at regarding motor skills during school age?

• balance

• coordination

• earlier maturation of fine motor skills

what are boys better at regarding motor skills during school age?

strength/endurance

• running

• jumping

• throwing

when do children start to tie their own shoelaces?

6-7 yrs

when do children master printing their names?

6-7 yrs

strength of children at end of school-age period

almost equal to adults

age 6-7 vs age 9 regarding tasks

• age 6-7: often lose motivation before they finish

• age 9: can see the task to completion

relationship characteristics during school age

numerous and of short duration

bullying

repeated negative actions against chosen victims

fraction of students that are bullied in america

1/5