Chapter 7 - Life Span Development

The younger the person

the faster the pulse/respiratory rate

Connection between blood pressure & age

BP increases as you get older

Neonate

from birth to 1 month

Infant

1 month-1 year

Neonate weight

• 6-8 pounds at birth

• Decreases after first week out

• Increases by second week

Pulmonary System (Infant/Neonate)

• First breath is forceful

• Neonates = nose breathers

• Large tongue with smaller airway

• Less rigid rib cage

• Low number of alveoli

• Low ability to compensate

barotrauma

Injury caused by pressure to enclosed body surfaces, for example, from too much pressure in the lung

• Caused in infants as a result of forceful ventilations

Nervous System (Infants/Neonates)

• Lots of reflexes (Moro, palmar grasp, rooting reflex, sucking reflex)

• Bones of cranium not yet fused together

Moro Reflex

An infant reflex in which, when an infant is caught off guard, the infant opens his or her arms wide, spreads the fingers, and seems to grab at things

Palmar Grasp Reflex

An infant reflex that occurs when something is placed in the infant’s palm; the infant grasps the object

Rooting Reflex

An infant reflex that occurs when something touches an infant’s cheek, and the infant instinctively turns his or her head toward the touch

Sucking Reflex

An infant reflex in which the infant starts sucking when his or her lips are stroked

Fontanelles

• Areas where the neonate’s or infant’s skull has not fused together

• usually disappear at approximately 18 months of age

• Allow infant’s head to pass through brith canal

• Provide valuable info

Depressed Fontanelle

Dehydration

Bulging Fontanelle

Increased pressure in cranium

Infants at 2 months

• track objects with eyes

• recognize familiar faces

Infants at 6 months

• Sit upright

• cooing and babbling sounds

• Teething

Infants at 12 months

• Walks

• Knows his/her name

Immune System (Infants/Neonates)

• Carries over some of the mother’s antibodies

• Strengthened by breast milk

Teething

Can cause low-grade fever

Infants at 3 Months

• Bring objects to mouth

• Smiles & Frowns

Infants at 4 months

• Reaches arms out to people

• drools

Infants at 5 months

• Sleeps through the night

• distinguishes family from strangers

Infants at 7 months

• afraid of strangers

• mood swings

Infants at 8 months

• Responds to no

• can sit alone

• plays peek-a-boo

Infants at 9 months

• Pulls self up to stand

• Explores objects by putting them in mouth

Infants at 10 months

• Responds to name

• crawls efficiently

Infants at 11 months

• Walks without assistance

• frustrated by restrictions

Bonding

formation of close personal relationship fostered by secure attachment

secure attachment

infant understands that their caregivers will respond to their needs

Anxious-avoidant attachment

• result of recurring rejection

• Little response to caregivers

Separation Anxiety

• clingy behavior

• fear of unfamiliar places and people

• peak at 10-18 months

Trust vs Mistrust

The stage of development from birth to approximately 18 months of age, during which infants gain trust in their parents or caregivers if their world is planned, organized, and routine.

Toddler

1-3 years

Preschooler

3-6 years

Cardiovascular system of toddlers/preschoolers

not too different from and adult

Preschool/Toddler Lungs

• More terminal bronchioles & alveoli

• musculature of lungs not well developed

Result of underdeveloped musculature in Preschool/Toddler Lungs

can’t sustain deep or rapid respiration for extended periods

Passive Immunity (Toddlers/Preschoolers)

• Now acquired

• Produce their own antibodies

Neuromuscular (Toddlers/Preschoolers)

• Increase in muscle mass + bone density

• physical activity allows infants to learn to use muscles and nervous system

Renal System (Preschoolers/Toddlers)

• Matures at this stage

• 12-15 months = bladder control capable

• 18-30 months = physiological control of bladder

Psychsocial Changes (Toddlers/Preschoolers)

• More self sufficiency

• Still clingy to parents

• Understand full sentences

• Transition into using language creatively/playfully

• Understand cause and effect

• Understand gender differences

• More socially interactive

School-age

6-12 years

Physical changes for School-Age Children

• 4 lbs per year

• 2.5 inches per year

• Permanent teeth come in

• Brain activity increases

Psychosocial Changes (School-age)

• Lots of growth

• Learn types of reasoning

• Self concept & self-esteem developed

Pre-conventional Reasoning

A type of reasoning in which a child acts almost purely to avoid punishment or to get what he or she wants

Conventional Reasoning

• Behavior motivated by approval of peers and society

• Still accept rules from authority figure s

Post-conventional Reasoning

• Creating of internalized moral compass

• Develops more in adolescence

Self-Concept

our perception of ourselves

Self-Esteem

How we feel about ourselves and how we fit in with our peers

Adolescent

12 to 18 years

Adolescent Physical Changes

• Vital signs reach adult ranges

• 2-3 year growth spurt

• Mass and bone density reach almost adult level

• Maturation of endocrine and reproductive systems

Adolescent Growth Spurt

• Starts in hands and feet

• Moves to long bones

• Finishes at torso

• Girls start growth earlier

Adolescent Psychosocial Changes

• More independent

• Challenge authority

• Prioritize times with friends over family

• Trying to create sense of identity

• Self-consciousness increases

• Develop code of personal ethics

Early Adults

19-40 years

Physical Changes (Early Adult)

• Vital signs don’t vary that much throughout adulthood

• Physical peak at 18-25

• Habits and routines are established

Psychosocial Changes (Early Adult)

• family and career focus

• Lots of stress usually

• Pretty stable tho psychologically

Middle Adult

41-60 years

Physical Changes (Middle Adult)

• Potential vision and hearing loss

• concern with cardiovascular health

• Greater cage if cancer

• Menopause

• Can be unaware of medical conditions

Psychosocial Changes (Middle Age)

• Worries about retirement, being an empty nester, accomplishing goals

• Generally stable health

Older Adults

61 years to death

Life Expectancy

The average number of years a person can be expected to live

Cardiovascular system (Older Adults)

• Declines with age

• Decrease in heart rate

• Increased BP

• Loss of ability to manufacture new red blood cells

Atherosclerosis

A disorder in which cholesterol and calcium build up inside the walls of blood vessels, eventually leading to partial or complete blockage of blood flow

Respiratory System (Older Adults)

• Alveoli size decreases

• Elasticity of the lungs and strength of the breathing muscles decrease

• More rigid test

• Cough and gag reflexed diminish

Endocrine System (Older Adults)

• Hormone production declines

• Glucose metabolism slows

Digestive System (Older Adults)

• Potential tooth loss

• Less sensitive taste buds

• decrease in saliva

• Gastric acid secretion diminishes

• Less vitamins digested from mood

Renal System (Older Adults)

• Kidneys decrease in size and filtration capability

  • Decrease in blood supply to nephrons

Nephrons

Filter blood within the kidney

Nervous System (Older Adults)

• Brain decreases in weight

• Slower motor and sensory neural network

• Decline in mental function 5 years before death

• Alteration of sleep patterns due to reduced neurons

• Decreased function of peripheral nervous system

Sensory Changes (Older Adults)

• Pupil reaction & ocular movement = more restricted with age

• Hearing loss is common

Psychosocial Changes (Older Adults)

• Rely on family + nursing homes

• Nursing homes have potential to spread a lot of disease

• Worry about money problems, rising cost of healthcare

• Realization of mortality