MUS 347 - Jazz in America: Unit 2 Lesson 3

In 1932 __________ was an insider term among jazz musicians. By 1935 it was the Dominant style of music. Until its decline in popularity after World War II.

swing

True or False: By 1935, swing was the dominant style of music in the United States until its decline after World War II.

true

True or False: The word "swing" refers both to a major era of big band jazz history a way to play 8th notes.

true

__________ brough jazz into the American mainstream.

big band swing

Both swing and early New Orleans jazz both contain a __________ and both have a __________.

rhythm section, frontline instruments

__________ has more than one of each frontline instrument.

swing

__________ usually only has one of each frontline instrument.

New Orleans jazz

1930's __________ ensembles typically have more than one of each frontline instrument.

big band

1930's __________ ensembles typically have frontline: trumpet, trombone, and reed/woodwind instruments

big band

1930's __________ ensembles typically consisted of a rhythm section: piano, bass, and guitar.

big band

True or False: In our current day, a big band usually has five (5) reeds, four (4) trombones, four to five (4-5) trumpets and a rhythm section.

true

In our current day, a big band usually has __________ reeds, __________ trombones, __________ trumpets and a rhythm section.

5, 4, 4-5

True or False: Because big bands have more frontline instruments to draw upon, collective improvisation is easier to arrange and play than in earlier jazz styles.

false

The frontline instruments in sections give __________(s) more power and flexibility, allowing more complicated harmonies and wider range of textures and timbres. However, with so many instruments in a __________, collective improvisation would get very sonically crowded, and it would be difficult to make out everyone's distinct, improvised part.

big band

In early __________ each instrument has unique improvisatory role.

New Orleans jazz

In __________ collective improvisation is not a natural fit.

swing band

Typical roles of the __________ for a big band includes: organizing the music for the ensemble, writes out the individual parts for the musicians and often alternates solos with ensemble passages.

arranger

typical demands of __________(s) for a big band included: sight-reading music, blend timbre, intonations and dynamics, and be able to perform newly composed songs and arrangement of popular tunes.

performer

True or False: "Head arrangements" were written big band arrangements that only called for the playing of the melody of the song but did not feature improvisation.

false

__________ were simpler arrangements that were not written down. The band learned them by ear. Head arrangements would usually feature open sections for improvisation.

"Head arrangement"

__________ was the first important swing bandleader and also a notable arranger; he hired great musicians, such as Louis Armstrong.

Fletcher Henderson

__________ was a composer-arranger-bandleader-pianist and important figure in the Harlem Renaissance movement and voice for black culture.

Duke Ellington

__________ took elements of Louis Armstrong's playing style and adapted them for big band and thus helped to create the style swing.

Don Redman

__________ was a renowned pianist-composer-arranger who emerged in Kansas City as a featured instrumentalist for swing and concert stage.

Mary Lou Williams

__________ was a stride pianist from Kansas City whose orchestra was renowned for its rhythm section and powerful swing feel.

Count Basie

__________ was a clarinetist-bandleader who was dubbed as the "king of swing" with the most popular swing band of all.

Benny Goodman

__________ and __________ were the musicians who were hired by Fletcher Henderson who helped him give birth to swing.

Louis Armstrong, Don Redman

True or False: Don Redman was a separate arranger hired by Fletcher Henderson.

false

__________ was hired by Henderson to play the clarinet and saxophone in the reeds section of the band. But with his arranging skills, Redman took Louis Armstrong's style and made it a part of the band's sound.

Don Redman

Traits of Don Redman's arrangements used in Fletcher Henderson's band include: __________, __________, and __________.

hot style and syncopation, call and response (antiphony), ensemble-soloist passage balance

The song "__________" has syncopation & ornaments in the melody that make it sound like a hot jazz solo, & call and response between trumpets &reeds.

Down South Camp Meeting

True or False: Playing more than one reed instrument in a band or in a single piece is called "woodwind doubling."

true

Playing more than one reed instrument in a band or in a single piece is called "__________."

woodwind doubling

What musician from Washington D.C. founded a group called "The Washingtonians"?

Duke Ellington

__________ was a prolific composer, legendary bandleader, and jazz pianist.

Duke Ellington

The musical roles of Duke Ellington include: __________, __________, and __________.

composer-arranger, bandleader, pianist

Duke Ellington's band initially played in more of a "_________" style. After hiring Miley, who used a King Oliver-like mute technique to create a growing sound known as a gut bucket trumpet, Ellington's ensemble changed to play in more of a "__________" style.

sweet, hot

True or False: After hiring a trumpet player named James "Bubber" Miley, Duke Ellington changed his arrangements from a "hot" style to a "sweet" style.

false

__________ plays medium tempos, is less syncopated, has less solos, and the melody is valued above all.

sweet band

__________ plays an extroverted style, is more syncopated, has a strong swing feel, has blues influence, and has more solos.

hot band

The song "_________" features a prominent, extroverted soloist & also has strong swing feel & a blues sensibility.

East Sr. Louis Toodle-oo

Duke Ellington is explicitly known for adding exotic-sounding elements known as the __________ sound.

jungle

In the song "__________" select instruments from several sections are playing at the same time. This creates a mysterious timbre

Sepia Panorama

What artist co-composed and co-arranged many of Duke Ellington's works?

Billy Strayhorn

True or False: In addition to writing original popular songs and arranging their own songs and songs by other composers, Duke Ellington wrote feature pieces for individuals of his band.

true

__________ wrote a series of original popular songs, he arranged popular songs by other composers, he wrote shorter big band works, he wrote featured pieces for individual band members, and he wrote a series of large-scale works.

Duke Ellington

__________ wrote over 1,000 compositions and kept his orchestra together for half a century

Duke Ellington

Alto saxophonist __________ possessed one of the most romantic jazz sounds ever. (ex: song "Isfahan")

Johnny Hodges

In the song "__________" by Duke Ellington, trombonist "Tricky" Sam Nanton could mute to make his trombone sound remarkably like a human voice. Later in the same song Ellington featured bassist Jimmy Blanton with some solo breaks.

Ko-ko

__________ was one of the first to show the potential of the upright bass as a solo instrument.

Jimmy Blanton

__________ is a repeated phrase that can be looped any number of times.

vamp

__________ are short, punchy melodic phrases.

riff

__________ is accompanying in a sparse, interactive fashion.

comping

__________ is a sense of propulsive rhythmic "feel" or sense of "swing."

groove

__________ is playing up and down the individual notes of a chord.

arpeggio

__________ is bass played on beats 1 and 3 instead of walking on all four beats.

two (2) feel

__________ is starting a phrase after the rhythm of the sheet music suggests.

back-phrasing

__________ was also a renowned pianist and highly advanced musician, and one of a limited number of women in her day to have a notable jazz career as an instrumentalist. She wrote music for many contexts

Mary Lou Williams

__________ composed and arranged music for Duke Ellington, Benny Goodman, and Dizzy Gillespie.

Mary Lou Williams

The song __________ by Marry Lou Williams has syncopation, vamps, and counter points.

Mary's Idea

__________ is when two parts of a song overlap and complement each other well.

counterpoint

__________ mentored Thelonious Monk, Charlie Parker, Miles Davis, Tadd Dameron, and Dizzy Gillespie.

Mary Lou Williams

True or False: In addition to being a composer-arranger, Mary Lou Williams had a notable career as a vocalist.

false

True or False: Jo Jones, the drummer for the Count Basie Orchestra, was one of the first jazz drummers to keep time on the ride cymbal.

true

True or False: Like Duke Ellington, Count Basie's arrangements were usually ornate with fascinating, mysterious timbres.

false

Many of __________ arrangements were very simple. Sometimes, the band itself would derive arrangements by creating riffs or short, punchy melodic phrases to play over the swinging rhythm section.

Count Basie

The song "__________" by Count Basie has riffs, and short punchy melodic phrases.

Every Tub

__________ is a way to play 8th notes in a common jazz practice.

swing

__________ is when jazz musicians are playing really well in this feel.

swing

__________ is a major era of jazz history.

swing

__________'s band began performing for the radio show Let's Dance in 1935.

Benny Goodman

__________'s purchased and played some of Fletcher Henderson's hot style arrangements.

Benny Goodman

__________ and his big band toured America in 1935.

Benny Goodman

True or False: Benny Goodman used his celebrity to help break down racial barriers in the music industry by performing with African American pianist Teddy Wilson in 1935.

true

True or False: Though there had been all-women jazz ensembles dating back to the 1920s, these groups began to decline during World War II.

False

During the war, many of the accomplished jazz musicians of the day were called into duty in the armed services, which allowed some outstanding "all-girl" bands to emerge, such as the International Sweethearts of Rhythm.

International Sweethearts of Rhythm

__________ was a swing era tenor saxophonist with a light articulation, sweet sound, and smooth melodic style.

Lester Young

__________ was a technically gifted vocalist with a light tone, wide range, great diction, and clarity and accuracy to everything she sang.

Ella Fitzgerald

__________ is one of the top clarinetists of the swing era who had total control of his instrument.

Benny Goodman

__________ was an all-time great vocalist who was the master at delivering ballads and sad songs with heartfelt emotion.

Billie Holiday

__________ was the first prominent jazz electric guitarist who made the guitar a viable solo instrument in a live context.

Charlie Christian

__________ was a longtime member of the Fletcher Henderson Orchestra who became the dominant tenor saxophone during the swing era.

Coleman Hawkins

True or False: In his clarinet solos, Benny Goodman played exact notes without the bluesy sound of earlier jazz styles.

false

In solos __________ played blue notes and at times used a gritty, bluesy sound. His core sound was very beautiful with well-placed 8th note lines and notable vibrato on long notes.

Benny Goodman

Whose band did electric guitarist Charlie Christian play for during the swing era?

Benny Goodman

True or False: As jazz developed, the alto and tenor saxophones became more commonly played than the soprano saxophone.

true

Whose band did tenor saxophonist Lester Young play for during the swing era?

Count Basie

The styles of tenor saxophonist Coleman Hawkins include: __________, __________, __________, and __________.

authoritative sound, extroverted, hard driving articulation, white hot

The styles of tenor saxophonist Lester Young include: __________, __________, __________, __________, and __________.

light articulation, smoother sound, more melodic, cooler, more detached

True or False: Vocalist Billie Holiday modeled her phrasing after Louis Armstrong to develop a rhythmically free, blues inspired manner of singing a melody.

true

What was Billy Holiday's signature song?

"Strange Fruit"

True or False: Like Louis Armstrong, vocalist Ella Fitzgerald was a gifted scat singer.

true

Whose band did vocalist Ella Fitzgerald sing for during the swing era?

Duke Ellington

In the song "__________" Benny Goodman plays blue notes and gritty, bluesy sound. He also placed 8th note lines, with notable vibrato on long notes. 0.00

Solo Flight

__________ is implying different chords then what originally written.

harmonic substitution

In the song "__________" Coleman Hawkins plays the first 8 bars of the melody & then starts improvising. He has a vertical improvisation style, arpeggiating up & down chords. Some of his interesting note choices are due to harmonic substitutions.

Body and Soul

The grittier, edgier sound Coleman Hawkins plays is in the __________ of his solo.

climax

__________ was the master of delivering ballads & sad songs.

Billie Holiday

Billie Holiday modeled __________'s phrasing.

Louis Armstrong

Billie Holiday used __________ when singing.

back phrasing