BIO2 ALMOST EVERYTHING

Which of the following statements is correct?

There are birds on Antarctica but no snakes, largely because snakes are ectotherms and can’t survive at the low temperatures found there.

Which of the following is a biotic factor that could limit distribution?

Predation

Scientists have studied how quickly lionfish abundance has increased in the Bahamas since they first invaded. This is an example of…

Population ecology

Temperature is a factor that limits the distribution of organisms

Abiotic

Which of the following statements is true?

The earth’s atmospheric concentration of CO2 has increased in the last 100 years

Which of these is an unlikely consequence of a warming climate?

Some species will shift their geographic ranges toward the equator

Which of these organisms is likely to have the greatest impact from ocean acidification?

Corals

What happens to an animal cell placed in a hypertonic solution?

It will decrease in volume

Which of the following plants is most likely to thrive in a desert environment?

An angiosperm

Which of the following would you least expect in a desert angiosperm?

Wide, thin leaves with no stomata

Which two factors are most important in determining major terrestrial biomes?

Temperature and water

Temperature in terrestrial ecosystems is highest…

At the equator, because sunlight directly hits the earth in a concentrated manner throughout the year

Where do you expect to find the driest, sunniest conditions?

30 degrees north and south

One reason that deserts tend to be found at 30N and S latitude is that

Global wind and pressure patterns affect where rain falls.

In which marine zone would you find the majority of plankton?

Pelagic zone

How did the common ancestor of these porkfishes cross Central America, ~4 million years ago?

It roamed on both sides before the isthmus of Panama closed the connection between Caribbean and Pacific

Which of the following population is most likely to be able to significantly change its range in response to climate change?

Merriam’s kangaroo rat in North America

Population ecologists are primarily interested in

Understanding how biotic and abiotic factors influence different population sizes.

Based on this table, what age group contributes the most to population growth?

5-6

Which population should display the highest growth rate?

One with a high birth rate and a low death rate

The net reproductive rate most directly helps predict future population size in…

1 generation

For a human population to be stable, how many kids should women have on average?

~2 kids

In a stable frog population, the average female produces 6,000 eggs during her lifetime and an average of 300 tadpoles hatch from these eggs. How many of these tadpoles will, on average, survive to reproduce?

2

A population of 1000 deer has a yearly birth rate of 100 young, and a yearly death rate of 90 individuals. In one year, the population will be…

1010 deer

A population of 1000 deer has a yearly birth rate of 100 young, and a yearly death rate of 90 individuals. The per capita birth rate is…

0.1

Based on this equation, when do you expect a population at equilibrium?

r = 0

A population of 100 deer has a per capita population growth rate of 0.02. A year later, you expect the population to be…

102 individuals

A population of 1000 deer has a yearly birth rate of 100 young, and a yearly death rate of 90 individuals. The per capita population growth rate is…

0.01

A population of bacteria reproduces by binary fission every hour. You start a culture at 8am with 100 bacteria. At 11am, you expect there to be…

800 bacteria

Under what conditions would a population grow slower than predicted by exponential growth?

All of the above

What is the carrying capacity for this population of whooping cranes?

325

In logistic growth, population growth will be 0 when…

N = K

An ecosystem has a carrying capacity of 1,000 individuals for a given species, and 2,000 individuals of that species are present. The population…

Size will decrease

The carrying capacity of creole wrasses on a reef is limited by the amount of zooplankton prey available. On one reef, there is an increase in zooplankton over a 10-year period. Over this period, the reef’s carrying capacity for creole wrasses will…

Increase

Which of the following cause of mortality is most likely to be density-independent?

Fire

Which species can have a more rapid population growth?

A (higher r)

Which of the following is an r-selected animal?

A (higher r)

A K-selected species is likely to follow which type of life curve?

Type I

Imagine that a species of fish used to be a broadcast spawner but has evolved to be a mouth brooder. We would expect the survivorship curve of this species to

Shift from Type III to Type I or II

What kind of growth curve has the human population followed?

Exponential

What does a negative per capita population growth rate tell you about a population?

The population size is decreasing instead of increasing

Community ecology studies…

Interactions between populations of various species that occupy the same area at a given time

If two species are close competitors, and one species is experimentally removed from the community, the remaining species would be expected to .

Expand its realized niche

The interaction between dolphins and birds as they both eat mackerel is an example of…

Competition

What can you say about these communities?

They both have equal richness but “A” has greater diversity

Which of the following is true?

In secondary succession of terrestrial communities, the disturbance leaves the soil largely intact.

Which of the following traits is LEAST important for a pioneer terrestrial plant species in a primary succession?

Ability to outcompete neighbor plants for sunlight.

Large icebergs regularly scrape all biota off the rocky intertidal in Newfoundland. Depending on what larvae/propagules are in the water at the time, rocks are recolonized and dominated by either mussels OR seaweeds. This likely is an example of

Inhibition

Keystone predators can maintain high species diversity in a community if they

Prey on the community’s dominant species

You would expect species richness to be greater in

A lake that was formed 100,000 years ago

Evolution rates should be greatest when…

Generation time of organisms is shorter

There are more types of habitats on the island of…

Saint Vincent

Which of these islands do you expect has the greatest extinction rate?

C

Which of these would be expected to have the lowest species richness?

C

Three new volcanic islands are formed off the coast of Sumatra. After 10 years, which do you expect will have the greatest species richness?

A

Which of the following is TRUE about Island Biogeography

Extinction rate is expected to increase with the number of species on the island

Resource partitioning would be most likely to occur between _.

Sympatric populations of species with similar ecological niches

Which of these communities shows the highest species diversity?

B

For a given species, extinction rate is higher when

Populations are small

When an animal dies, the elements that made up its tissues…

Can eventually be used again by primary producers to create new organic molecules

The energy that is passed from low to high trophic levels…

Is ultimately lost to the ecosystem

Energy is lost with each trophic level. Where does that energy go?

All of the above

In this food chain, what term applies to the caterpillar?

Primary consumer

The overall energy contained in biomass

Is typically highest at low trophic levels

In this diagram, phytoplankton are called ____ and zooplankton ____

Primary producers, consumers

You want to feed the most people possible from this marine ecosystem. Which organism should you target?

Kelp

Plants…

Photosynthesize and respire

Gross primary productivity is higher than net primary productivity. The difference between the two is

The amount of energy producers burn through their own metabolism.

Gross primary production of terrestrial plants is limited by all EXCEPT

Respiration rate of plants

Secondary production is limited by 1. The amount of primary production in the area 2. The efficiency of energy transfer up the food chain/web 3. How much atmospheric nitrogen is available

1 & 2

Why are big, predatory animals rare?

Ecosystems can’t support many of them because so much energy is lost at each trophic level

In a forest, the nitrates contained in the nucleic acids of a bear can be made available again to primary producers after the bear dies, through the action of

Bacteria that decompose organic molecules back to their inorganic components

80% of our atmosphere is nitrogen gas, yet every year farmers spray ammonia on their fields as a fertilizer. This is because only convert nitrogen from a gas into a biologically-available form

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

What is the LEAST likely way that phosphorus might enter a lake?

Fixation of atmospheric phosphorus gas

Carbon cycles between the biotic and abiotic worlds mainly through

Photosynthesis and respiration

When a plant photosynthesizes, the carbon used by the plant to construct organic molecules comes from

CO2 in the atmosphere

Food chains…

Are usually limited to a maximum of 5-6 levels due to loss of energy with each trophic level

There are 30 kcal of energy in a mouse which dies of a disease and decomposes into a field of grass. How much of those 30 kcal will be reused by the grass growing near this mouse?

~30 kcal

If there are 30 kcal of energy contained in a mouse, how much energy will likely be used for growth and reproduction by a cat that eats this mouse?

~3 kcal

When a mouse dies and is left to decompose in a field, the nitrogen that is contained in its tissues

May be used by nearby plants

Which scenario exhibits high richness and low diversity? (A. The nearctic coniferous forests of Canada have a high number of individuals of just one or two species of tree. B. The rainforest is inhabited by many individuals of many species of birds without one dominant species. C. The deep sea floor has few individuals of many species without a dominant species. D. Big Cypress preserve has dozens of species of bromeliads and orchids but the forest is dominated by Cypress trees. E. The shallow gulf waters near Tampa Bay are dominated by high numbers of one species of seagrass.)

D

Based on principles of island biogeography, which island would be expected to have the greatest extinction rate? (A. A B. B C. C D. D)

C

Which trophic level in this food chain represents the primary consumer? (A. Trophic level A B. Trophic level B C. Trophic level C D. Trophic level D E. The plant)

B

Which of the following is an example of a commensalism? (A. fungi in plant roots B. nitrogen-fixing bacteria in plants C. banded shrimp cleaning parasites off fish gills D. cattle egrets eating insects stirred up by bison)

D

Which organism is LEAST likely to be a producer? (A. Cyanobacteria B. Nematode C. Lichen D. Pine tree)

B

Which ecological organization level is most to least inclusive? (A. population→ecosystem→individual→community B. individual→population→community→ecosystem C. ecosystem→community→population→individual D. community→ecosystem→population→individual E. individual→community→population→ecosystem)

C

Two closely related frog species live in Central America and Africa. What explains this pattern? (A. They were connected during Pangaea before the Atlantic formed B. One dispersed recently across the ocean C. Gene flow still occurs via a land bridge)

A

A disease that reduces a bat population is an example of… (A. density-dependent: higher mortality at low density B. density-independent: mortality same at any density C. density-independent if reproduction changes D. density-dependent: higher mortality at high density)

B

Red Mangroves have high parental investment and seeds survive well. They are an example of… (A. age-specific survivorship B. exponential growth C. density-independent factors D. K-selected species E. r-selected species)

D

A population with most individuals post-reproductive will likely after 20 years. (A. increase then stabilize B. decrease C. remain same D. increase)

B

Which are biotic factors? (A. temperature & moisture B. precipitation & wind C. predation & competition D. light intensity & seasonality E. nutrients & pH)

C

Phosphate is limiting in a lake. How can new phosphate enter? (A. cyanobacteria B. atmospheric phosphate gas C. diatom photosynthesis D. rivers flowing to lake)

D

Exponential growth… (A. can’t continue forever because resources limit abundance B. impossible because females have limited offspring C. only possible in iteroparous species D. only likely in r-selected species)

A

Two warbler species eat many prey types alone, but partition resources when overlapping. This is… (A. mutualism B. resource partitioning C. Batesian mimicry D. character displacement)

B

Why is NPP more useful than GPP? (A. NPP is energy available to consumers B. NPP expressed energy/area/time C. NPP expressed as carbon fixed ecosystem-wide D. NPP shows biomass used by consumers E. NPP is rate new chemical energy is formed)

A

During exponential growth a population always… (A. adds more individuals when small B. quickly reaches carrying capacity C. has decreasing per-capita growth as size increases D. grows at intrinsic max rate)

D

You stock an island with 1000 squirrels. 120 die yearly. Max births for population to shrink? (A. 120 B. 60 C. 59 D. <1)

C. 59

Which activity most rapidly reduces available nutrients? (A. mass mortality of carnivores B. domestication of cattle C. pier construction shading seagrass D. fungicide/antibiotic in forest soil)

D

Most important factors for ocean biomes? (A. temperature & pH B. pressure & salinity C. wave action & currents D. light & nutrients)

D

Ancient cave vs new cave — species richness? (A. low: Hawaii isolated B. low: intermediate disturbance C. high: older community D. high: near equator)

C