Chemistry Flashcards

Which macromolecule is primarily responsible for hereditary information?

Nucleic acids-DNA and RNA store genetic information.

What type of reaction does a catalyst affect?

Activation energy-Catalysts lower activation energy to speed reactions.

Which type of protein structure involves multiple polypeptide chains?

Quaternary structure- Quaternary structure forms when multiple protein chains join together.

What type of bond is formed between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another?

Peptide bond-Peptide bonds connect amino acids to build proteins.

What is the maximum number of hydrogen bonds that water can form?

4-One water molecule can bond with four others.

What term describes the attraction between a partially positive hydrogen atom and a strongly electronegative atom?

Hydrogen bond-Hydrogen bonds form due to weak attractions between polar molecules.

Which of the following best describes enzymes?

Biological catalysts-Enzymes speed up chemical reactions.

The main function of carbohydrates is to provide

Energy-Carbohydrates are the body’s main quick energy source.

Which part of the nucleotide contains the genetic information

Nitrogenous base-The sequence of bases carries genetic code.

Which of the following macromolecules serves as a primary energy storage for plants?

Starch-Plants store glucose as starch.

Which property of water explains the phenomenon of capillary action?

Cohesion and adhesion-Water sticks to itself (cohesion) and other surfaces (adhesion).

An atom with an unequal number of protons and electrons is known as a(n)

Ions- have a charge because electrons ≠ protons.

In which type of solution is the concentration of solutes greater outside the cell than inside?

Hypertonic solution-More solute outside causes water to leave the cell.

What type of reaction forms the bonds between amino acids in a protein?

Dehydration synthesis-Water is removed to join amino acids together.

What type of bond is formed when electrons are shared between atoms?

Covalent bond-Covalent bonds happen when atoms share electrons.

What property of water allows it to stabilize temperature changes in the environment?

High specific heat-Water absorbs lots of heat before changing temperature.

Which element is a key component of all organic molecules?

Carbon-Organic molecules are carbon-based.

Which molecule is considered a polar molecule?

Water-unequal bonds cuz two hydrogen and one oxygen

What are the building blocks of lipids?

Fatty acids and glycerol-Lipids like fats are made from these components.

1. What is an example of artificial selection?

Breeding dogs for specific traits
Why: Humans choose which traits are passed down.

What is adaptive radiation?

Diversification into different ecological niches- One species evolves into many forms adapted to different environments.

What do fossils show?

Evidence of evolutionary change over time
Why: Fossils show how organisms changed through history.

What is true about genetic drift?

It changes allele frequencies by chance in small populations
Why: Random events affect small populations more strongly.

What is coevolution?

Two or more species evolving in response to each other
Why: Species influence each other’s evolution.

Galapagos finches are an example of what?

Divergent evolution- One ancestral species evolved into many different species.

Which factor does NOT increase genetic diversity?

Inbreeding
Why: Inbreeding reduces variation.

8. What is the role of random mutation?

Introduces new genetic variation-Mutations create new traits for natural selection to act on.

Which is a mechanism of evolution?

Genetic drift-It changes allele frequencies over time.

What type of selection favors average traits?

Stabilizing selection-Extreme traits are selected against.

What is gene flow?

Transfer of genetic material between populations-Genes move when organisms migrate and reproduce.

What is convergent evolution?

Unrelated species evolving similar traits-Similar environments lead to similar adaptations.

What is an example of a vestigial structure?

The human appendix-It has little or no current function.

What is the main cause of variation in populations?

Genetic mutations-Mutations create new alleles.

What drives natural selection?

Environmental factors favor certain traits-Helpful traits improve survival and reproduction.

What describes evolutionary change?

It occurs over generations and can form new species-Evolution happens gradually in populations over time.

Hardy-Weinberg conditions

• Large population

• Random mating

• No mutation

• No migration/gene flow

• No natural selection

What is common descent?

All organisms share a common ancestor- Life evolved from shared ancestral forms.

Difference between sympatric and allopatric speciation?

Sympatric occurs without physical barriers allopatric involves geographic isolation

What most likely leads to speciation?

Geographic isolation-Separation prevents interbreeding over time.

What is evolution?

Change in the genetic makeup of a population over time-Evolution happens across generations.

What is DNA’s main function?

Store and transmit genetic information- DNA contains hereditary instructions.

What do proteins do?

Build cells and perform many functions Proteins act as enzymes, structure, transport, and more.

What is ecology?

Study of interactions between organisms and the environment Ecology examines relationships in nature.

Which is a characteristic of life?

Organisms adapt to their environment-Living things evolve and respond to surroundings.

What is homeostasis?

Maintaining stable internal conditions Organisms regulate balance like temperature and pH.

Another characteristic of life?

All living things respond to stimuli-Organisms react to environmental changes.

Simplest level of biological organization?

Cell-Cells are the basic unit of life.

How do organisms primarily obtain energy?

Through consumption of food -Organisms need energy for life processes.

What is a species?

A group that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring -Biological species can reproduce successfully together.

What does the theory of evolution explain?

How populations change over time through natural selection and adaptation

Atomic Number

Number of Protons

Atomic Mass Number

Number of Protons + Neutrons

Isotopes

Amount of neutrons

Protons

Postive

Electrons

Negative

Neutrons

Neutral charge

Carbon Dating

Amount of c.14 in an object

Shell Requirments for Shell 1

2

Shell Requirements for shell 2

4 and total has to be 11

Molecules

Two or More Atoms

Ionic Bonds

No sharing of electrons between atoms

Covalent Bonds

Shared Bonds

Polar Covalent Bonds

bond where electrons are shared unequally between two atoms

NonPolar Covalent Bonds

Equal Sharing of Electrons

Hydrophilic

Likes/bonds with water

Hydrophobic

Doesnt like/ doesnt bond with water

Cohesion

Water molecules sticking together

Adhesion

Water molecules sticking to other surfaces

Formula of Density

P= Mass over Volume

Property of Water

Doesnt heat or cool easily

Solution

Liquid consisting oof homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

Homogeneous

Things that mix and ddisolve into a mixture

Ph level highest is

14- Oven Cleaner

Ph level lowest is

gastric acid

7

Neutral Ph level

Ph of blood is

7.4

Diffusion

Movment of Higer to low concentration

Osmosis

the movement of water (or another solvent) through a semipermeable membrane

Hypotonic Solution

Has a lower solute concentration than inside the cell. Water flows into the cell, causing it to swell- think hippo larger

Hypertonic Solution

Has a higher solute concentration than inside the cell. Water flows out of the cell, causing it to shrink or shrivel. -think hyper moving

Dialysis

the process of separating smaller molecules from larger molecules or suspended particles in a liquid solution by forcing them to diffuse through a selectively permeable membrane

4 Large Macromolues

Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids, Proteins, Lipids

Monomers

Indiviual Units of macromolecules

Polymers

Chains of Monomers

Carbohydates

Sugars- Used to store and
release energy

Monosaccharides

Simplest sugar molecules
– C, H, and O
– Glucose: common energy
source

Disaccharides

Two monosaccharides

Polysaccharides:

Chains of monosaccharides

Lipids

one or more fatty acids - hydrophobic-Chains of carbon and
hydrogen atoms
− Saturated: bonded to
maximum number of
hydrogen
− Unsaturated: double
bonds, less hydrogen

Proteins

molecules made of amino acids that send signals between cells, support digestion, help your muscles move and protect you from things

Nucleic Acids

DNA - stores genetic information in the cell's nucleus.

RNA -takes instructions from DNA and builds proteins. 

Peptide Bonds

Chains for amino acids that build proteins

What happens when you add iodine to starch

Starch and iodine react to form a black/blue color

When iodine solution which is naturally orange-brown comes into contact with starch, the iodine molecules slip inside the coiled helix structure of amylose and turns blue or dark black

4 main parts of the cells

Cytoplasm, Nucleas, Plasma Membrane, Ribosome

If theres Nucleus

Theres a ribosome

Where is Ribosome

In the Nucleus

What are Oragnelles

Parts of the cells

Ribosome makes

proteins

The 3 main particles in an atom

Protons, Neutrons, Electrons,- all ISOTOPES

Outside Shell

Valence shells