Chemistry Final

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CHP 1.1   Matter 

• Matter: is the physical material of the universe; it is anything that has mass and occupies space. 

CHP 1.1  Property 

• Property: is any characteristic that allows us to recognize a particular type of matter and to distinguish it from other types. 

CHP 1.1 Molecules

• two or more atoms are joined in specific shapes

• minor differences in the composition or structure of molecules can caused profound differences in property

CHP 1.2 Gas 

• vapor) has no fixed volume or shape; rather, it uniformly fills its container. A gas can be compressed to occupy a smaller volume, or it can expand to occupy a larger one.  

CHP 1.2 Liquid 

•  a distinct volume independent of its container, assumes the shape of the portion of the container it occupies, and is not compressible to any appreciable extent. 

CHP 1.2 Solid

•  both a definite shape and a definite volume and is not compressible to any appreciable extent. 

CHP 1.2 pure substance

has a constant properties and composition. Ex; ice only contains H20.

• usually referred to simply as a substance) Matter that has distinct properties and a composition that does not vary from sample to sample.

CHP 1.2 Mixture

does not have a constant property and composition. Ex; dirty snowball has twigs, dirt, ice

• combination of two or more substances in which each substance retains its chemical identity.

CHP 1.2 Element

can’t be chemically simplified. Elements are combinations of matter and have only 100 substances. Each element is composed of only one kind of atom. 

CHP 1.2 Compound

• can be chemically simplified.

• are substances composed of two or more elements; they contain two or more kinds of atoms. Water, for example, is a compound composed of two elements hydrogen and oxygen.  

CHP 1.2 Homogenous

it is uniform throughout.

CHP 1.2 Heterogenous

Not uniform throughout.

CHP 1.3 Physical change

• do not change composition

• a substance changes its physical appearance but not its composition. Same substance before and after the change.

• dissolving is a physical change

CHP 1.3 Chemical changes

• change composition

• a substance is transformed into a chemically different substance. Ex; hydrogen burning in air combines with oxygen to form water. 

CHP 1.3 Physical properties

• Properties a substance shows by itself without interacting with another substance.

• can be observed without changing the identity and composition of the substance. These properties include color, odor, density, melting point, boiling point, and hardness.

CHP 1.3 Chemical properties

properties a substance shows as it interacts with, or transforms into another substance. Always involve a chemical change.

CHP 1.3 example problem: salt dissolving in water

physical change 

CHP 1.5 Kilogram

kg

CHP 1.5 Meter

m

CHP 1.5 second

s

CHP 1.5 kelvin

K

CHP 1.5 mole

mol

CHP 1.5 c x 10ⁿ

C= any number 1 to 9

n= integer 

CHP 1.5 density formula

density= mass/volume

CHP 1.5 giga

• G

• 10⁹

CHP 1.5  mega 

• M 

• 10⁶

CHP 1.5  kilo

• k 

• 10³

CHP 1.5 deci

• d

• 10^-1

CHP 1.5 centi

• c

• 10^-2

CHP 1.5 milli

• m

• 10^-3

CHP 1.5 micro

• μ

• 10^-6

CHP 1.5 nano

• n

• 10^-9

CHP 1.5 pico

• p

• 10^-12

CHP 1.6 Precision

precise measurements are tightly clustered around the same value.

• number of digits on a scale represents precision 

CHP 1.6 Accuracy

measurements that are near to the true value.

CHP 1.6 significant figures

• if a decimal point is present, all zeros to the right of the last nondigit are significant.  ex: 6.700

• zeros to the left of a non zero numbers are not signficiant ex: 00067 

• if a decimal point is present, cross out all zeros between the PACIFIC and the first non zero.  Atlantic demical point isn’t present 

CHP 1.7  Dimensional analysis 

• converting fractions and different units 

CHP 2.1 Atomic theory of matter

• 4 main ideas: 

• each element is composed of indivisible atoms 

• atoms of the same element are identical and atoms of different elements are different 

• atoms can’t change their element 

• compounds form when different atoms combine 

CHP 2.3 Atomic Structure

structure of atom

CHP 2.3 Three Subatomic Particles

            Electrons      Protons      Neutrons

Charge   -1                   +1                       0

Mass      0 amu          1 amu                  1 amu

Home Electron cloud    Nucleus       Nucleus

CHP 2.3 Role of Subatomic Particles

• Electrons: the number of electrons determine an atom’s charge and reactivity 

• Protons: the number of protons determine an atom’s element 

• Neutrons: weigh the atom down 

CHP 2.3     𝐴_z𝑋 𝑛

• z = atomic number (number of protons)

• X= atomic symbol of the element 

• n= charge (protons minus electrons) 

• A= mass number;  A = Z + n⁰ 

• n⁰= number of neutrons in nucleus

CHP 2.3 Ionization

when the number of electrons changes the charge and it causes an ion

CHP 2.3 Ions

• atoms or molecules with a net charge

• Cation (+) Charge 

• Anion (-) Charge 

CHP 2.3 Isotopes

• the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons 

• Isotopes have the same atomic number, but a different mass number 

• all Isotopes have identical chemical properties 

CHP 2.4 Atomic weights (mass)

average mass of an atom of that element. Atomic mass is on periodic table

CHP 2.5 Periodic table

CHP 2.5 Rows v Columns

Columns go down think of a column of a house

Rows go across think of rowing across a river

CHP 2.5 Metals

• tend to lose electrons 

CHP 2.5  Non metals 

tend to gain electrons 

CHP 2.5 Group names

• Group 1 Alkali metals

• Group 2 Alkaline earth metals

• Group 17 Halogens

• Group 18 Noble Gases 

CHP 2.7 Ionic bond

Ions of opposite charges attracting to bond together.

CHP 2.7 Ionic compounds

• Repeating pattern of opposite charges Ions

• have a neutral charge 

• form salts 

• for binary ionic compounds cation goes first and anion is second

• usually contain a metal and a non metal 

CHP 2.8 Covalent compounds

• form discrete molecules 

• only contains non metals 

CHP 2.8   Exceptions 

• Ag is always Ag+ 

• Zn is always Zn²⁺

CHP 2.8 Monatomic ions 1+ 

• H+ hydrogen 

• Li+ lithium 

• Na+ sodium 

• K+ potassium 

• Cs+ cesium 

• Ag+ silver

CHP 2.8 Monatomic ions 1-

• H- hydride

• F- flouride

• Cl- chloride 

• Br- bromide 

• I- iodide 

CHP 2.8 Monatomic ions 2+

• Mg²⁺ Magnesium 

• Ca²⁺  calcium 

• Sr²⁺ strontium 

• Ba²⁺ barium 

• Zn²⁺  zinc

CHP 2.8 Monatomic ions 2-

• O^2- oxide

• S^2- sulfide

CHP 2.8 Monatomic ions 3+

• Al³⁺ aluminum

CHP 2.8 Monatomic ions 3-

• N^3- nitride

CHP 2.8 Polyatomic ions

• contain multiple atoms held together covalently and has an overall charge 

CHP 2.8  Polyatomic cation 

• NH₄+   ammonium 

CHP 2.8 Polyatomic anions

• CH₃COO^-   acetate 

• CN^-   cyanide 

• OH^-  hydroxide 

• CLO^-  hypochlorite 

• CLO₂^-  chlorite 

• CLO₃^-    chlorate 

• CLO₄^-    perchlorate 

• NO_2^-   nitrite 

• NO_3^- nitrate

• MnO_4^-  permanganate 

• CO_3^2- carbonate

• HCO_3^-   bicarbonate 

• O_2^2-   peroxide 

• PO_4^3-   phosphate 

• SO_3^2-    sulfite 

• SO_4^2-    sulfate 

CHP 2.6 Diatomic elements

BrINClHOF

• Br₂

• I₂

• N₂

• Cl₂

• H₂

• O₂

• F₂