Honors 1 Final Fall 2025

Who was considered by many as the founder of the “feminist movement”?

Mary Wollstonecraft

Plato's Rulers (Wisdom) corresponds to Freud's

Superego (Moral Conscience)

Plato's Warriors (Courage)

Ego (Balancing urges and conscience)

Plato's Appetites (Moderation) corresponds to Freud's

Id (Natural Instincts/Desires)

Plato founded

the first Western University: The Academy

Plato’s The Academy was

the kind of college you would spent like 2 decades in and focused on developing critical thinkers

Socrates doesn’t see himself as a teacher but

rather as a midwife and help others to learn - midwife of ideas

confucianism is most

fundamentally a way of life - it is focused on ethics

Who said “Every man carries within himself the whole condition of humanity.”

Michel De Montaigne

Who said “To philosophize is to learn to die.”

Michel De Montaigne

John Dewey was the most

comprehensive pragmatist

John Dewey emphasized that education

is a thoroughly human endeavor, critical for helping us flourish

According to Alison M. Jaggar, what has been the traditional view of emotions within

Emotions have been considered subversive of knowledge, with reason regarded as the indispensable faculty for acquiring it.

What term does Alison M. Jaggar use for the notion that proper scientific inquiry must be completely separated from emotion and values?

The myth of dispassionate investigation.

In the traditional Western view critiqued by Jaggar, the dominant group becomes associated with reason, while the subordinate group becomes associated with _.

emotion

What are "outlaw emotions" as described by Alison M. Jaggar?

Unexpected or unconventional feelings, particularly those of subordinate groups, that are viewed as more reliable guides to reality.

What is Jaggar's basic conclusion regarding the role of emotion in epistemology?

Emotion is a critical faculty for acquiring knowledge and understanding, not inferior or subordinate to others.

What is the term for the largely unconscious tendencies to automatically associate certain traits with members of particular social groups?

Implicit bias

Individuals are more likely to perceive a gun in the hands of a young Black man compared to a young white man. This is an example of what concept?

Perception Bias (a dangerous outcome of implicit bias).

What is one proposed solution to combat implicit bias when reviewing materials like CVs?

Anonymize the materials when possible.

One proposed method to fight implicit bias is to actively think about _, which are specific instances that go against a stereotype.

Counter examples

why might we have developed implicit biases from an evolutionary perspective?

They are often rooted in our need to learn quickly and make rapid judgments for survival.

What famous phrase summarizes Descartes' conclusion that the act of doubting his own existence proved that he must exist?

"I think, therefore I am" (cogito ergo sum).

In Descartes' philosophical system, what is the term for the view that the mind and body are two separate and distinct entities?

Cartesian Dualism.

Descartes is considered a key thinker in which major epistemological view?

Rationalism

What did Mary Wollstonecraft believe was the key to achieving equality for women?

Providing the same education for men and women

What is the 'fallacy of tradition'?

The flawed argument that a claim is true or good simply because it is an old or long-standing practice.

According to Socrates, what kind of life is 'not worth living'?

The unexamined life

In Confucianism, what is the virtue of 'Jen'?

Translated as 'human-heartedness,' it is the virtue of all virtues, aiming to glorify the dignity of humanity.

What is Confucius' 'silver rule,' which is an example of Jen?

"Do not do unto others what you would not want others to do unto you."

What is Mary Wollstonecraft's central argument in A Vindication of the Rights of Woman?

That women should receive the same rational education as men, as this is the key to equality and virtue for both sexes.

What does it mean to be globally educated?

Being respectful toward others, less fearful of foreignness, globally aware through travel, research, and consuming international news.

What is epistemology?

The study of knowledge (Erkenntnistheorie/Wissenschaftstheorie/Epistemologie).

What is the traditional view of reason and emotion?

They are separate; reason is superior (from Plato onward).

What is Jaggar’s critique of dispassionate inquiry?

It's a myth that emotionless science is objective—emotions shape how we know and understand.

Stoicism provides a philosophical context for

existentialism

Things within our control based on Epictetus's Teachings

Understanding, impulse, desire, aversion, and in a word, all actions that are ours.

Negative visualization is a Stoic strategy to prepare for

adversity by imagining negative outcomes.

Benefits for negative visualization

Promotes realism, can serve as motivation to improve and leads to pleasant surprise and greater appreciation if negative outcomes are avoided.

Negative visualization should be balanced with

positive visualization

Example of an Invalid Inference

"I am wealthier than you. Therefore, I am better than you."

Example of a Valid Inference

"I am wealthier than you. Therefore, my property is better than yours."

Why is suicide is considered the ultimate question

It signifies a person's stance on the worth of life.

Simone de Beauvoir extended the idea of

self-created meaning to the creation of identity

What does pragmatism emphasize?

Practice and action

What is pragmatism best understood as?

A method

the focus of pragmatism is on the process of

solving problems

What does “existential” refer to?

it refers to that which pertains to existence

William James is considered the father

of modern psychology

how does one achieve rational control over one’s life?

1. be free from all passion

2. tie happiness to what you can control

In Plato's Allegory of the Cave, what do the shadows on the wall represent?

A superficial understanding of reality, based on mere perceptions or opinions rather than true knowledge.

According to Socrates, what is the relationship between knowledge and virtue?

Knowledge and virtue are the same; 'to know the good is to do the good,' and evil is a result of ignorance.

How did Simone de Beauvoir apply the principle 'existence precedes essence' to gender in "The Second Sex"?

She argued that gender is not a predestined biological fact but a social construct; 'One is not born, but rather becomes, a woman.'

According to Descartes' Meditation Six, what is the relationship between the mind and body?

The mind is really distinct from the body, yet it is so closely joined to it that it forms a single unit.