A&PII FINAL EXAM (RENAL)

The 3 things your kidneys do to keep us alive?

1. maintains a pH of 7.4

2. determines glucose

3. regulate water balance (keeps us hydrated even after we have no more water.

What 2 hormones does the kidneys produce?

erythropoietin and renin.

What is the first capillary network called & the 2 characteristics?

The first capillary network is called the glomerulus. Its two characteristics are that it allows for filtration of blood and has a high-pressure system to promote the movement of fluids.

What is the second capillary network called and the 2 characteristics ?

The second capillary network is called the peritubular capillaries. Its two characteristics are that it has low hydrostatic pressure and facilitates reabsorption and secretion processes.

At rest, what does the kidneys recieve?

about 20-25% of the cardiac output

Sympathetic neurons synapse on smooth muscle (causing ______) and granular cells (causing ________)

1. arteriolar constriction

2. renin secretion

Filtration of plasma from glomerular capillaries into Bowman’s capsule

Glomerular filtration

Transferal of substances from tubular lumen to peritubular capillaries

Tubular reabsorption

Transferal of substances from peritubular capillaries to tubular lumen

Tubular secretion

Voiding of substances in the urine

Excretion

Volume of plasma filtered into the combined nephrons of both kidneys per unit time & first step in urine filtration.

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

The volume of plasma from which a substance is completely removed (‘cleared’) by the kidneys in a given time period.

Clearance

Clearance of substance X formula=

(Ux * V) / Px

2 types of nephron?

1. superficial (outside)

2. juxtamedulla (inside)

freely filtered, but neither reabsorbed, secreted, produced nor degraded by the kidneys

Inulin & creatinine

Freely filters and secreted

Para-amino hippuric acid (PAH)

true or false? : Urine is very different from glomerular filtrate

true

Large amounts of protein in urine (_______) indicate renal disease

proteinuria

GFR is remarkably high = ??

125 ml/min, 180 l/day

GFR is product of 3 physical factors:

hydrostatic pressure, osmotic pressure, and permeability of glomerular membrane.

driving force for glomerular filtration

Ultrafiltration pressure

3 layers that cause filtration:

Fenestrated endothelium, basement membrane, podocytes.

NFP=

(HPgc - HP bc) - (OPgc - OPbc)

Contraction of _____ cells shortens capillary loops, lowers Kf and, thus, lowers GFR.

mesangial

Afferent arteriolar constriction=

decreased pressure and more filtration

efferent arteriolar constriction=

increased pressure and less filtration

Passage of urine (6):

1. minor calyces

2. major calyces

3. pelvis

4. ureter

5. bladder

6. uretha

2 kinds of acid in the body

1. volatile (Carbonic acid)

2. fixed (non carbonic acids)

3 lines of defense against pH changes:

1. chemical buffers

2. respiration

3. kidneys

4 primary acid-base disturbances?

1. acidosis

2. alkalosis

3. respiratory

4. metabolic

Where does acidfication of urine begin?

in the proximal tubule

What is the concentration of bicarbonate in the blood that it should be at?

24

What keeps the counter current multiplier going?

ADH ( Antidiuretic hormone) a.k.a. vapopressin

_______ are exchanged between descending and ascending limbs.

Water and NaCl

Amount filtered by day:

1. Water

2. Sodium

3. Glucose

4. Urea

1. 180

2. 630

3. 180

4. 56

Normal acid-base values

1. pH

2. [H+]

3. PCO2

4. [HCO3-]

1. 7.4

2. 40

3. 40

4. 24

---

is important of maintaining pH?

HYDROGEN!! H+

What should urine pH be at?

Around 6, but can range from 4.5 to 8.

a reduction in arterial pH below 7.35

Acidemia: 

  any abnormal condition that produces acidemia

Acidosis

  an increase in arterial pH above 7.45

Alkalemia

any abnormal conditon that produces alkalemia

Alkalosis

Draw the Saturation of Bicarbonate graph

Draw the graph for disturbances in acid-base balance

Write the blood flow through the kidney

Know how to label the Nephron