PLEASE CREATE THE SET AND DONT MAKE ME TITLE IT

"What is a hypothesis?

A testable prediction about the relationship between two variables."

"What is an independent variable (IV)?

The variable that is manipulated or thought to cause changes in another variable."

"What is a dependent variable (DV)?

The variable that is affected or measured in response to changes in the IV."

"What is internal validity?

The degree to which changes in the DV can be confidently attributed to the IV."

"What threatens internal validity?

Confounds—factors that systematically differ between groups and affect results."

"How is internal validity strengthened?

By using control groups"

"What is external validity?

The extent to which findings generalize to other settings"

"How do internal and external validity relate?

They often compete—greater control increases internal validity but reduces external validity."

"What is the solution to balancing internal and external validity?

Replication of studies under different conditions."

"What is an experiment?

A research procedure where one or more IVs are systematically varied to observe effects on one or more DVs."

"What are experimental and control groups?

Experimental group: receives the IV. Control group: does not receive the IV"

"What is a placebo group?

A group receiving an inactive treatment to control for participants’ expectations."

"What is a double-blind control?

Both participants and experimenters are unaware of which condition the participant is in."

"What is a quasi-experimental design?

A study lacking true random assignment"

"What is the main weakness of quasi-experimental designs?

Lower internal validity."

"What is a between-subjects design?

Different participants are exposed to different levels of the IV."

"What is a within-subjects design?

The same participants experience all levels of the IV."

"What is comparative treatment research?

A study comparing two active treatments instead of using a no-treatment control."

"What is process research?

Research that examines how or why change occurs during treatment."

"What is outcome research?

Research that examines the end result of treatment—what changes occurred."

"What is an analog design?

A study using a subclinical group to model clinical conditions in a controlled way."

"What is a correlational study?

Research measuring relationships between variables without manipulating them."

"Can correlational studies determine causation?

No—they identify relationships but cannot infer causality."

"What is a correlation coefficient?

A statistic (-1.00 to +1.00) showing the direction and strength of a relationship."

"What does a positive correlation mean?

Both variables increase or decrease together."

"What does a negative correlation mean?

One variable increases while the other decreases."

"What is a scatter plot?

A visual representation showing how two variables are related."

"What is a case study?

An in-depth investigation of one or more individuals with specific characteristics."

"What is a main limitation of case studies?

They lack control"

"What is a single-case experimental design?

An experiment conducted on one person with repeated measures to assess treatment effects."

"What is a withdrawal (ABA) design?

A method where treatment is applied and then withdrawn to see if behavior changes accordingly."

"What is a multiple-baseline design?

Treatment is introduced at different times across settings"

"What is a longitudinal design?

A study following the same participants over time to observe changes."

"What are two major issues with longitudinal designs?

Attrition and cross-generational effects."

"What is a cross-sectional design?

A study comparing participants of different ages (cohorts) at a single point in time."

"What is the cohort effect?

Differences between age groups that may reflect generational experiences"

"What is psychotherapy outcome research?

Research testing how well psychotherapy treatments work."

"What is efficacy research?

Studies testing treatments in controlled"

"What is effectiveness research?

Studies testing how well treatments work in real-world settings."

"What is the focus of efficacy studies?

High internal validity—patients and therapists are carefully selected and monitored."

"What is the focus of effectiveness studies?

High external validity—treatments tested in natural settings with diverse clients."

Who was Hans J. Eysenck (1952)

" and what did he claim?

What did Smith

Glass

"What conclusion emerged from comparative psychotherapy research?

Most psychotherapies show similar efficacy"

"What are the main historical definitions of abnormality?

Personal distress"

"What is the Harmful Dysfunction Theory?

A theory combining social and scientific elements: Harmful = value judgment; Dysfunction = failure of mental mechanisms to perform a natural function."

"What manual defines mental disorders used by clinicians?

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)."

According to the DSM

" what is a mental disorder?

"What are Type I and Type II diagnostic errors?

Type I: false positive (diagnosis when none exists). Type II: false negative (missed diagnosis)."

"What are some strengths of the DSM?

Empirical basis"

"What are some criticisms of the DSM?

Overmedicalization"

"What is the categorical approach to diagnosis?

Classifies disorders as present or absent — a 'yes/no' system."

"What is the dimensional approach?

Views symptoms on a continuum of severity"

"What is the purpose of the clinical interview?

To gather information that guides diagnosis"

"What are the three key qualities of good assessment tools?

Validity"

"What is rapport?

A comfortable"

"What are directive vs nondirective interview styles?

Directive: interviewer controls with specific questions. Nondirective: client guides discussion more freely."

"What is clarification?

A technique used to ensure the interviewer correctly understands the client’s statements."

"What is confrontation?

Pointing out contradictions in a client's statements or between their verbal and nonverbal behavior."

"What is paraphrasing?

Restating what the client said to show understanding."

"What is reflection of feeling?

Identifying and repeating back the client’s emotions to deepen understanding."

"What is summarizing?

Connecting themes and statements made across the session to show comprehensive understanding."

"When can confidentiality be broken?

When there is intent to harm self/others"

"What is the SCID?

The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Disorders — a standardized diagnostic interview."

"What is cultural competence?

Understanding and respecting clients’ cultural backgrounds and incorporating that awareness into assessment."