Animal Sciences Test Two Quizlet Diagram | Quizlet

Give me the taxonomic name for swine

Sus scrofa domesticus

Are pigs monogastric or ruminants?

monogastric

Explain the FCR of monogastric animals

More efficient in terms of FCR but not good with plant source material

What would happen if we put a pig in a pasture with no other source of food?

If we put pigs on our cattle pasture they would have poor performance. They also will do a lot of damage to the pasture because they like to root in the ground (to find bugs and so on)

Very strong, designed to do damage.

What makes pigs different from most (if not all) of our food-bearing animals?

Only litter bearing homeland species that we have as a food animal

Compare the organs of pigs to the organs of humans. What does this mean for science?

Nearly every organ system in a pig looks like ours. Good in the future for making organs for humans

What is the largest consumed protein in the world? Explain why.

Pork is the most consumed meat. This is because of China.

Most consumed meat in the US

Chicken

Pigs are polyesterous but lactational anestrous. What does this mean?

hey do not cycle while they are lactating. They begin to cycle when the piglets are weened.

Create the industry pyramid of a pig (don't detail the steps, just know the names)

Seedstock industry

Farrowing

Nursery

Finishing

Packer processor

Retailer

Consumer

Farrowing

(the act of giving birth for a pig) - sow farm. If you are from a swine producing part of the country then people will say things like (audio cuts out here)

At roughly three weeks of age we ween them off. There are different types of weening but it is all a synchronizing event (used to get animals producing again)

Pig nursery

weighs about 18 to 20 pounds at the start. Controlled environment that takes the pig up to about 50 pounds

Finishing (pigs)

280 to 300 pounds in under 6 months of age

Takes the same amount of labor to do a smaller hog. Cannot go as much larger than 300 pounds

The steps of the industry pyramid that do not have their own flashcard are...

generally identical to the industry steps of the cattle industry, which we have already learned about

PPSPY

(pigs per sow per year). Takes in the number of pigs born alive (NBA). In a farrowing crate when she gives birth

Still born/mummy

dead piglet. If the lung sloats than they inhaled before dying

What is the PPSPY determined by?

Dictated by the maternal system. If you judge a replacement gilt you want to make sure there are 5 high quality teets on each side.

What is a disadvantaged pig called?

A runt

Describe what makes a runt a runt, and how their "raising" is different from that of non-runts

Less nourished regions of the uterus. The pig is then born weak and they have a harder time making it out of the sow and then being able to drink milk

Will usually get the least developed teet

Teet fidelity

the piglet has their own portion of the teet and then they stick with that the rest of the time. The runt therefore gets less. There are management interventions, we could bottle feed but usually we move the runt to a sow that had less piglets

Describe the strategies/options for caring for a piglet identified as a runt. Hint: the back of one of these flashcards described this, I am just fleshing it out more here

Might make it have less of a smell with products so that the replacement sow (sow that the runt is placed with) does not get upset

Usually a younger Gilt as her first litter is not as big

Sometimes put all of the runts in one sow

SEW

segregated early weening

MEW

medicated early weening is the same thing

Incentive for weening a piglet sooner

Weening earlier so that you can get her breed sooner, getting more pigs per sow per year

What is our target for amount of piglets weened? What is the reality of that?

Our target is 10 but we usually get 9.5 weened, there is pre-weening mortality which is usually the mom laying on the baby. They do not have too much maternal ability (not nearly as good as cows or sheep or goats)

Describe the temperament of littering sows

Littering sows can be dangerous and violent

LPSPY, what the acronym means and also what the target is

litters per sow per year, the target is about 2.2.

Describe the most productive sow farm in the US and why it got to be that way

The most productive sow form in the US does 38 piglets per year, they have been selected and then they also get weened early

Gestation length in hogs

115 days (3 months, 3 weeks 3 days)

Do sows like to farrow when humans are around?

Sows prefer to farrow when you are not there

How many litters do sows have in their lifespan

Sows get to have about six litters.

Farrowing crate and wellfare

A farrowing crate should not be a welfare issue, it is used to save pigs. The mother can stand and lay down despite being confined, helps the piglets have their own space

Gestation crate and wellfare

Sow then goes into the gestation crate. There is an issue with them, the sow cannot make a lot of movement. Group housing is a solution to this (solitary versus general population).

What was the original solution to the gestation crate wellfare problem? What happened?

But then they will fight with one another, the weaker more submissive sows will be hurt and sometimes even killed

What is the best solution to the gestation crate problem?

Best design now is a crate that they can go in by themselves or go out whenever she wants to, giving her a safe space

Behavioral selection may happen later on, but it is not happening right now

What is a pig kept in until it is weened? What is the climate like?

a farrowing crate in a farrowing house. It is climate controlled and it called dual zone climate controlled. Can make it about 68 degrees for the sow but the piglets want it around 90 degrees.

What is the max amount of piglets one sow can give birth to at a time? What is the downside of this? What is the weening period?

Some pigs can give birth to 40 piglets at a time, but then there is a high mortality rate

3 week lactation

Snatch farrowing

someone takes the piglet when it is born for health reasons

Derived piglets

high genetic value, do not want them touching the mother

genetically modified for research and medical purposes, or piglets produced using advanced reproductive technologies like in vitro fertilization (IVF), embryo transfer, or nuclear transfer (cloning).

PRRS

porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome.

What are the upsides of a white hog?

White hogs are the maternal breeds - good litters, give birth to more piglets, and so on

The four main types of white hogs

Yorkshire and the landrace are the two most popular amongst these (British isles)

Crossbreeding does occur (Cross breeding you may have an F1 york bred)

Chester whites and large whites are also white bodies.

Describe the diet of pigs

Pigs are omnivorous in nature. If a snake comes into the barn the pigs will eat it. They will dig up truffles, worms, bugs, and so on

Downside of a white hog

Do bad outside as they sunburn, they need to have shelter

Dark colored breeds (hog)

Durock (red)

Berkshire

Hampshire

Durock (red)

lean, fast growing, heavily muscled

Berkshire

- You don't talk much about marbling in pigs

- Commodity is pork

- Snake river farms = branded, claim on label

- Most branded is berkshire based

Hampshire

black bodies, white bellies pigs. Leaner than Durrock, but used to have a napoli gene.

Black body white belted pig

- Leaner than duroc

- Problems with nepal gene (we thought it was the biggest problem)

- 2% intermuscular fat

Piétrain

mid 1980's the american heart association declares america and the world obese. Swine industry responds with the lean value system, the leaner they were the more they were worth per pound.

Stations stopped buying pigs with too much fat

They looked for the leanest hogs in the world and found this breed

PSS

porcine stress syndrome. Scared pigs that turn red and their pupils blow up, sometimes have heat attacks or failure and die

PSE

pale (the color of the pork), Sensory (texture), Exudative (leaking water and holding the water)

DFD

dark firm and dry

RFN

red, firm, and normal

Importance of breeds in the modern day swine industry

Breeds of pigs in the poultry and swine industry do not matter anymore. We are instead looking at the specific attributes

PIC

- Pig improvement company

- Buy sows for attributes, not breed

- Blue butt

- Breed hampshire to a solid white body hog

- Symbol pig is a blue buck

Bluebutt

a hampshire to a solid white bodied hog

The genetic improvement/heritability equation

Delta BV (change in the genes that will be sent off to genetics) / t (time, based on factors like sexual maturity, gestation length, etc.) = (h (heritability)^2 * S) / l (generation interval)

S

inheritability times genetic variation (selection differential, how different are they in comparison)

H

Low heritability <.2

Medium heritability .2-.4

High heritability >.4

Heritability when discounting time

You can write it without the units of time but then it would not be proportional to time

Carcass traits and leanless heritability

Carcass measurements in linear traits are all highly heritable. Leanness is moderately to highly heritable, we took advantage but we should not have

Weight of pigs at the packer

280 pounds, used to be lower but we are breeding up in weight

Weight upon entering the finishing unit (swine)

Roughly 50 pounds

PRRS issues, concerns, etc.

big management issues for the pig industry. Reproductive and respiratory issues can manifest in many ways and there is no easy way to fix it. There are vaccines available and some people use it. Ones that run PRRS free have a lot of biosecurity, you have to shower when you come in and when you go out. The disinfecting of the food truck, etc.

Does everyone vax for PRRS

Some will not vaccinate

PRRS free is a value added attribute, incentive not to vaccine

Foot and mouth disease

affects all cloven footed animals, there is a vaccine but you cannot use a test to determine if it has had a vaccine or if it is sick.

Meat preservation and cancer

Meat preservation is seen as a reason for cancer, but the tests involve ONLY feeding rats pork so they obviously get sick

Scalding dehairing

killed, hair taken off with 140 degree water where paddles take the water off, then we go and do sanitary dressing (head can stay on).

Primals

Loin (porkchop, tenderloin and sirloin)

Boston buts

Upper Shoulder Boston butt

Picnic hams is the lower shoulder

Side/belly

Green ham

nothing has been done to the ham

Brine

a solution that has to have salt first. We can do an arterial pump, put it in the artery and circulate brine throughout

Country cured

we do salt cured here

Country cured ham steps

Remove the hock

Work hand between skin and meat and take it off

Slather the ham and let it sit for about a week, re-rub it and let it sit for about a week several times

Wrap ham up in an unlined paper and put it in a stockenette, then hang it up and age it. Sometimes aged for multiple years are the more expensive animals,

Aging ham

ham should be climate controlled, airflow, humidity, and so on.

Do you still have to cook ham as much as you used to?

Most people would not eat the pork anything less than well done. Trachina was a parasite that was not sensitive to heat, but how they have raised the pigs has changed so we can eat it differently now

We can eat medium rare or rare ham now because...

Raised in confinement. There are pasture raised ones but it is not as common

NIMBY (pigs)

raised in low populated places, better to not have to deal with local waste regulations. Used to be near where the food was instead

Parasite presence in different species

Parasites are in most species, we adapt by cooking them a certain way

Genetics and pigs

Genetics will not fix everything. Just because we can, should we? The effect on society of making pigs PRRS resistant would help in the short runs, but it is a GMO meaning some people (who have money to choose otherwise) will not eat it

Crossing a white bodied hog to a black one makes a

blue butt

The NPPC uses this as their mascot, represents growth, feed efficiency, and so on.

Blue butt

Relationship between the scrotal circumference (inverted) and the AOFP

the same as that with cows. Larger leads to a younger age of first puberty

Pork rinds are...

pork skins. We leave the skin on but you can take it off

How do we make the pork rinds?

You skin the skin, flash freeze it, cut it into shapes, and then put it into hot oil

Salami, pepperoni, etc is all...

cured dried sausage. Stuff it and put the seasonings in (we find the seasonings in places like waltons. We stuff the product into casings and then wait, putting it into a drying chamber

Snout to snout stimulation benefits

gives the animal an increased productivity

Explain how snout to snout stimulation works and what boars can detect through it

Gestation crates lines up, the boar drives the cart around and he is checking from sows in estreus. Boars detect heat much better than humans can.

During snout to snout stimulation the boar fires which...

makes him produce saliva with pheromones. The emissions are detected and help with reproductive behaviors.

Lordosis

"locking up". When the boar mounts the sow she will brace and her ears may perk depending on the breed. Boars have a corkscrew penis, can ejaculate for about five minutes. This is why bracing is important.

Does snout to snout stimulation increase number born alive?

Yes

What is the use of weighted packs in swine?

Weighted packs on the pigs to simulate a boar pushing down on her, AI may be done during this time for maximum results.

Describe the storing of boar semen

Boar semen does not store well, it can be good for up to ten days when it is not cooled and so usually it is not frozen

Extender

Extender is used for all types of semen. It would not be the same for the frozen kind (like a different type) but they all use it

Sex sorting and hogs

Maternal breeds of hogs - there are no ways to sex sort the semen. End up making some white-lined barrows (white male pigs that are not as good at making muscle, etc.)

What gender determines the sex of the child in birds?

The female determines the gender in the birds. They have ZW chromosomes, not XY

Why do we use a boar cart?

Boars grow tucks that are very dangerous, we can de-tusk but it is easier to just put them in a self-driven box

Average gain from snout to snout stimulation

Averages a gain of one extra piglet per birthing cycle

How can we artificially replace snout to snout stimulation, and does it work as well?

You can spray your coveralls and make yourself smell like a boar and can play the sounds, hitting her in the back of the legs hard, it does not work as well

What is used to deliver semen into a pig

Catheters are used in order to deliver the semen

Napole gene

a mutation in pigs affecting AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), is associated with a lower pH, decreased water-holding capacity, and paler meat color, often considered a detriment to pork quality. However, it can also lead to benefits such as greater meat tenderness, a stronger flavor, increased leanness, and potentially faster average daily gain