APUSH Spring Final Practice Flashcards

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the key terms, legal cases, and events from the APUSH Spring Final Study material, spanning from late 19th-century westward expansion through WWII mobilization.

Homestead Act of 1862

A law whose primary goal was to encourage settlement of western lands by small farmers.

Frederick Jackson Turner

Historian who argued that the frontier shaped American democracy and character.

Safety-valve theory

The suggestion that western land reduced urban unemployment.

Dawes Act

Legislation driven by the cultural assumption that private land ownership was superior, seeking to divide reservation land into individual plots.

Ghost Dance

A practice viewed by U.S. officials as a potential threat to federal authority.

Battle of Little Bighorn

A conflict resulting from treaty enforcement failures and gold discoveries.

Sand Creek Massacre

An unprovoked attack on Native Americans.

Munn v. Il linois

Supreme Court case that initially supported the Grangers' goal of regulating railroads.

Wabash v. Illinois (1886)

A decision demonstrating that interstate commerce could only be regulated by the federal government.

Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)

The first federal agency to regulate corporations.

Vertical integration

A business strategy used by Andrew Carnegie to control every stage of steel production.

Horizontal integration

A business strategy relied upon by John D. Rockefeller involving price undercutting and the consolidation of competing companies.

Social Darwinism

A belief used to justify economic inequality by applying 'survival of the fittest' to society and business.

Gospel of Wealth

Andrew Carnegie's argument that the wealthy had a moral obligation to aid society.

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

A law intended to limit monopolistic practices that was frequently used to prosecute labor unions.

Yellow-dog contracts

Agreements designed to prevent workers from joining unions.

Knights of Labor

A labor organization that differed from the AFL by including both skilled and unskilled workers.

Tammany Hall

A political machine that thrived by providing services to immigrants in exchange for votes.

Compromise of 1877

A political agreement that resulted in the withdrawal of federal troops from the South and marked the end of Reconstruction.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Supreme Court ruling that endorsed racial segregation.

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

The first federal law to ban a specific ethnic group, reflecting nativist and racial anxieties.

Pendleton Act

Legislation intended to reduce patronage following the assassination of James Garfield.

Settlement houses

Community centers like Hull House providing social services, influenced by the Social Gospel.

Muckrakers

Journalists such as Ida Tarbell and Lincoln Steffens who exposed corruption in business and politics.

Seventeenth Amendment

Constitutional amendment allowing for the direct election of senators.

Square Deal

Theodore Roosevelt's program aimed at balancing the interests of capital, labor, and consumers.

Roosevelt Corollary

An expansion of the Monroe Doctrine asserting that the U.S. could intervene in Latin America to protect economic interests.

Zimmermann Telegram

A message revealing a German attempt to ally with Mexico, contributing to U.S. entry into WWI.

Schenck v. United States

A Supreme Court decision establishing that speech creating a 'clear and present danger' could be limited.

Red Scare (1919-1920)

A response to the fear of communist revolution after Russia's Bolshevik Revolution.

Palmer Raids

Government actions demonstrating how fear of radicalism resulted in violations of due process.

Scopes Trial

A legal case that highlighted the conflict between science and religious fundamentalism.

Harlem Renaissance

A movement that celebrated African American cultural achievements in the 1920s.

Three Rs of the New Deal

Relief, Recovery, and Reform.

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

A New Deal program that sought to increase farm prices by reducing agricultural production.

Good Neighbor Policy

U.S. foreign policy that sought to improve relations with Latin America by reversing the Roosevelt Corollary.

Neutrality Acts

Laws aimed at preventing U.S. entanglement in foreign wars during the 1930s.

Executive Order 9066

Order resulting in the internment of Japanese Americans during WWII.

Double V Campaign

A wartime movement linking victory abroad with equality at home.

Bracero Program

A program designed to address agricultural labor shortages during WWII.