Biology Key Concepts: Cell Structure, Function, and Molecular Biology

The cell is separated from the outside environment by the ____.

plasma membrane

Aquaporins allow water to leak through the membrane at a rapid rate, this is an example of __.

facilitated transport

___ is a state of balance in a system, where concentrations are all equal.

Equilibrium

Bacterial chromosomes (DNA) can be found in their ___.

nucleoid region

A vesicle merging with the cell membrane and releasing its contents outside of the cell is an example of __.

exocytosis

Which of the following characteristics is not common to all living things?

Form tissues

Hydrolysis reactions

break bonds in polymers releasing monomers

Prokarya does not include which of the following?

Protista

A molecule blocking the active site of an enzyme would be considered __.

competitive inhibition

A(n) ____ helps to stabilize the pH of a solution.

buffer

The diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane is known as ___.

osmosis

A ___ is material dissolved in a solvent

solute

Acids are molecules which release __ when added to a solution.

H+

The membranes are primarily constructed of __.

phospholipids

The concept of ____ states that individuals with low fitness tend to die without reproducing.

natural selection

A(n) ___ is a subatomic particle with a negative charge.

electron

Differences in concentration from one region to another is termed a

gradient

Active membrane transport is facilitated by ___ integrated in the cell membrane.

transport proteins

The semifluid solution filling the bulk of the cell is called

cytosol

Enzymes are used by the cell to ____.

catalyze chemical reactions

The ___ shell is the outermost electron shell of an atom.

valence

___ bonds form when one atom donates an electron to another and they become stuck together.

Ionic

Mitochondria are primarily responsible for the production of ___.

ATP

Which of the following is NOT a common use of carbohydrates?

as a catalyst

____ is the movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration.

Diffusion

In an experiment you set up a ___ which is not given the treatment as a comparison for your experiment group.

control group

Organic molecules are molecules which __.

contain carbon to carbon bonds

A neutral atom of carbon has 6 electrons total, how many bonds does carbon tend to make?

4

What would cause a human blood cell to undergo crenation?

Salt water

Offspring primarily inherit traits from their parents through the transmission of __.

DNA

Cohesion and adhesion of water is due to the water molecules __.

hydrogen bonding ability

A ___ is a proposed explanation for a set of observations.

hypothesis

A group of mice (Mus musculus) on an island would be considered a ___.

population

Phospholipids are amphipathic, containing hydrophobic ____ and hydrophilic ____.

tails, heads

___ are cellular structures that resemble tails and allow the cell to swim around.

Flagella

What is the ultimate source of energy for most life on earth?

The Sun

If the cytosol of a cell is 1% NaCl and the environment is 12% NaCl, the cell is in a(n) ____ environment.

hypertonic

The molecule ____ acts as cellular energy.

ATP

Fatty acids with double bonds are called ____.

unsaturated

___ are responsible for producing proteins in the cell.

Ribosomes

The ____ sorts proteins and lipids in vesicles and ships them around the cell.

Golgi Apparatus

___ cannot typically cross a plasma membrane.

ions

If you heat a protein it can _____ (unfold) and will not function.

denature

Bacteria are often named based on the cell shape, which is not a common name?

lunate

Evolution relies on changes in the functions of an organsim, which are all due to ___.

mutations

Amino acids are monomers of ____.

proteins

A(n) __ is an atom with a positive or negative charge.

ion

Which of the following would you find in a prokaryote?

Ribosome

Microfilaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments are all components of the ____.

cytoskeleton

___ structure refers to a proteins 3-D folded structure that relies on R-group interactions.

Tertiary