skeletal and muscular systems

Joint

place where bones meet

ligaments

holds bones together

what is cartilage

a strong, flexible connective tissue that protects your joints and bones, at ends of bones

what is bone marrow?

The soft, spongy tissue that has many blood vessels and is found in the center of most bones

tendons

hold bone to muscle fibers

types of muscle fibers

1. striated (skeletal and cardiac)
2. non-striated (smooth)
3. fascicles (bundles)
4. multinucleated cells

abduction

moving away

adduction

moving towards

synovial fluid

lube to joints

purpose of spongy bone

used for more active function of the bones

compact bone

main structure for support, protection, and movement

red marrow

produces blood cells

yellow marrow

contains stem cells that can become cartilage

5 functions of bones

1. supporting your body
2. protecting internal organs
3. protecting blood cells
4. storing and releasing fat
5. storing and releasing minerals

how are bones involved on homeostasis of calcium in the body

by storing and releasing calcium as needed

6 types of joints

1. Ball and Socket
2. condyloid
3. saddle
4. hinge
5. pivot
6. fixed

ball and socket joint

helps with circular movements, Ex: shoulder, wrist joint

Condyloid

allow movement along 2 axes, Ex: wrist

Saddle joint

connects trapezium and metacarpal bone, EX: thumb

Hinge joint

allowing flexion and extension in one place, EX: elbow, knee P

Pivot joint

allowing only rotary movement around a single axis, EX: neck

Fixed joint

permit stability to certain areas of the body, EX: skull. bones. teeth, jaw sockets

How are ligaments different from tendons

ligaments connect bone and help to stabilize joints and prevent excessive harmful movement. Tendons connect MUSCLE to bone

what is the role of a periosteum

contributes to bone elongation

role of osteocyte

responsible for maintenance of boney matrix

why must a bone have haversian canals

haversian canals supply nutrients and oxygen to bone cells and remove waste products. Blood vessels and nerves run through

what substance can be found in spongy bone

bone marrow

role of epiphyseal plate

main site of longitudinal growth

why is it a concern if a young person breaks a bone across the epiphysea; plat

can interfere with bone growth and development

ossification

the process of laying down new bone material by osteoblasts cells, **Bone Growth**

how does a bone grow

ossification, cartilage is gradually replaced by bone tissue

voluntary movement

self guided, wilded actions

involuntary movement

not voluntary, not self guided

what is the purpose of muscles

provide movement for body

what are the properties of muscles

1. excitable/ irritable
2. contractible
3. extensive
4. elasticity
5. adaptability

hypertrophy

enlarging the muscle

atrophy

decreasing size of muscles

what could cause atrophy

if muscles are deprived of work

role of tendons

tendons transmit the force generated by the muscle

role of fascia

provide support and stability

how would your joints be different is muscles did not tendons

muscles would not be able to move bones

5 movements of muscles

1. flexion
2. extension
3. abduction
4. adduction
5. rotation

integumentary system

 the largest organ of the body that forms a physical barrier between the external environment and the internal environment that it serves to protect and maintain

structures in integumentary system

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, associated glands, hair nails

4 functions if Integumentary system

1. protection
2. sensation
3. thermoregulations
4. vitamin D synthesis

why do sweat glands wrap around blood vessels

so they can lay beneath skin

function of sebaceous glands

produce and secrete sebum

what happens when sebaceous ducts get blocked

the oils cannot pass onto the surface of your skin, cannot sweat

**how is hair formed**?

Capillaries come in, new matrix cells are being made, rapid cell division pushed dead cells up, forming hair

why is there a muscle at the base of hair follicles

homeostasis, so hair can stand up, goosebumps

how are collagen and keratin important to integumentary system

make up system, collagen gives strength to skin and keratin and main component of hair and nails