Biology - INTERNAL SYSTEMS

Cell

The functional unit of all living things

Tissues

Epitherial, Connective, Muslce, Nervous

Organ

Different tissues working together in a structure to preform a specific function.

Organ System

Groups of people working together to preform a specific function. EXAMPLE: digestive, respiratory, and circulatory systems

Organism

Organelles

Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Cell membrane, Golgi Body, Mitochondria, Vacuoles, Endoplasmic Recticulium

Nucleus

The command center of a eukaryotic cell. It stores the cell's genetic instructions (DNA)

Cytoplasm

The cytoplasm is the gel-like fluid inside a cell that fills the space between the nucleus and the cell membrane. It is made up of water, salts, and proteins

Cell Membrane

A protective gatekeeper that surrounds all cells. It separates the cell's internal environment from the outside world and regulates exactly what goes in and out.

Golgi Body

It takes raw proteins and lipids (fats) from the endoplasmic reticulum, modifies them, and wraps them in tiny shipping containers called vesicles to send them exactly where they are needed.

Mitochondria

They convert the food you eat and the oxygen you breathe into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the primary chemical energy currency your body uses to function

Vacuoles

They store water, nutrients, and waste to keep the cell alive and running.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

The cell's internal factory and delivery system. Made of folded membranes, it builds, packages, and ships essential molecules.

Epithelial Tissue

Forms the body's protective outer coverings and inner linings. It acts as a gatekeeper to control absorption, filtration, and secretion.

Connective Tissue

Its primary job is to bind, support, and protect other tissues and organs. Its cells are loosely scattered within a web-like non-living material called the extracellular matrix

Muscle Tissue

Muscle tissue enables all internal and external body movements by contracting (shortening) and relaxing. The body contains three specific types of muscle tissues, skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles

Nervous Tissue

forms the body's communication and control network. It senses internal and external changes, processes the information, and triggers a response

Systems List

Digestive, Circulatory, Respiratory

Digestive System

A biological processing factory that breaks down food into microscopic nutrients. Your body absorbs these nutrients into the blood for energy and growth, while packing the leftover waste for elimination.

Circulatory System

The body’s transport network. Powered by the heart, it pumps blood through a network of vessels to deliver oxygen and nutrients to every cell, while picking up waste products (CO2) so the body can remove them.

Respiratory System

Supplies the body with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide waste. Air enters through the nose or mouth, travels down the windpipe, splits into the lungs, and reaches tiny air sacs where oxygen is swapped into the bloodstream.

Carbohydrates

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. SUBGROUPS: Simple sugars and complex carbs.

Simple Sugars

EXAMPLE: glucose. Used for energy, also makes up parts of other molecules.

Complex Carbs

Used for storage and structure. Glycogen-storage for aminos. Starch-storage for plants. Cellulose-structure for plants. Fibre for animals.

Protein

Required 20 amino acids. Structure of the body and enzymes to speed chemical reactions. 8 are essential as they must be consumed in your diet. All 8 can be found in milk and eggs. Vegetarians must have a variety of protein sources.

Fats

Energy, absorb fat-soluable vitamins, and insulation. SUBGROUPS: Saturated, Unsaturated, and Trans fats.

Saturated Fats

Maximun C-H bonds, animal origin, can build up deposits on blood vessels.

Unsaturated Fats

Double bonds, plant origin, small amounts are required.

Trans Fats

Unsaturated fats that have hydrogen added to them, often in fast food, causes heart disease and heart problems.

Vitamins

Organic molecules. Water soluble - B complexes and C. Fat soluble - A,D,E,K. Required in small amounts for metabolic processes.

Minerals

Inorganic, required in trace amounts for metabolic processes. EXAMPLE: Calcium, iron, and iodine.

Water

Bulk of blood and other body fluids. You need ~1L of water per day.

Fibre

Ingestion

Ingestion is simply the act of taking food into your body.

Digestion

Digestion is the mechanical and chemical breakdown of that food. It transforms large, complex pieces of food into tiny, simple molecules for absorptions.

Physical Digestion

The physical smashing and grinding of food into smaller pieces. It increases the surface area so that digestive juices and enzymes can work more efficiently later on.

Chemical Digestion

The biochemical breakdown of complex food molecules into tiny, absorbable nutrient building blocks using digestive enzymes and acids. This process changes the molecular structure of food so your body can use it for energy, growth, and cellular repair.

Absorption

The process of moving digested nutrients, water, and minerals from the inside of your digestive tract across specialized tissue barriers and into your bloodstream or lymphatic system.

Elimination

Removing solid, undigested food and filtering out toxic chemical wastes, like carbon dioxide, from your cells, blood, and fluids.

Open Circulatory System

Invertebrates, Blood doesn’t stay in the blood vessels. Blood is pumped by the heart, it leaves the blood vessels and bathes the organs in the body cavity. It is then collected back into the blood vessels and to the heart.

Closed Circulatory System

Blood stays within the blood vessels. Pumped under higher pressure by the heart, nutrients and wastes diffuse across cell membranes of blood vessels and tissue cells. More effeicent than open systems.

Blood Plasma

Makes up 55% of blood. It carries wastes (urine), proteins, and nutrients.

White Blood Cells

About 1% of blood. Part of the immune system, fights microorganisms, carried by the blood, however most of their work is done in tissues.

Red Blood Cells

About 44% of blood. Carries oxygen on the hemoglobin. No nucleus. Lasts about 120 days.

Blood Cell Types

Erythrocytes - Red

Leukocytes - White

Plateles

Types of white blood cells

Neutrophils - Fights Bacteria

Eosinophils - Allergic reaction / histamine

Lymphocytes - Produces antibodies / immune response

Platelets

Small cytoplasmic fragments of cells in bone marrow. Function to start clotting reaction.

Blood Groups

A, B, AB, O. Cell surface makers, will have antibodies against the other types. (Anti-A, Anti-B)

Arteries

Away from the heart. Have thicker muscle and elastic layers than veins because they are under greater pressure from the heart. LAYERS: Connective, epithelial, and smooth and connective elastic muscle.

Arterioles

Similar structure as the Artery. Smaller branches off arteries. Blood pressure drops as there are more of them. Arterioles branch into capillaries.

Capillaries

Only one cell thick. Epithelial cells only. Gas and nutrient exchange happen here as circulation is very slow. Only wide enough for blood cells to travel, single file. Capillaries collect into venuoles.

Venuoles

Similar structure to veins, but smaller. Many venuoles collect into a vein.

Veins

Towards the heart. They have values to fight against gravity. Same layers as the Artery, but thinner walls and larger diameter. Veins have 0 pressure from the heart, so they have muscles squeeze the blood back to the Right Atrium.

Sphygmonometer

Device used to measure blood pressure.

Cardiac Circuit

Pulmonary Circuit

Systemic Circuit

Diastole

Diastole is the refill (relaxing the heart to fill with blood).

Systoles

Systole is the squeeze (pumping blood out)

Blood Pressure

The force of your blood pushing against the walls of your arteries.

External Respiration

Gas exchange between the lungs and the blood

Internal Respiration

Gas exchange between the blood and the body's tissues

Celllular Respiration

Cellular respiration is the process where cells convert food (glucose) and oxygen into usable energy, releasing carbon dioxide and water as waste