microscope that uses light

compound illumination

Dark objects are visible to a bright background

compound illumination for specimen

• Light reflected off the specimen does not enter objective lens 

what does compound use to keep light from refracting

Immersion oil

what kind of cells does compound not see

unstained cells

Darkfield how does light enter the objective lenses

Only reflect light off the specimen enters the objective lens

Phase-Contrast is used to see …

Living organisms and internal cell structures

Phase-Contrast uses how many light rays

two sets of light rays, direct rays, and diffracted rays to form an image

Phase-Contrast illumination

light passing through an annular (ring-shaped) diaphragm; Direct light rays(unaltered by the specimen) travel a different path from light rays that are reflected or diffracted as they pass through the specimen

microscope with dead cell for viewing

Compound

Darkfield illumination

light objects are visible against a dark background

Darkfield illumination for specimen

opaque disk placed in condenser that eliminates light in the center of the beam 

darkfield uses what two colors for Reflected or diffracted light rays

Blue: Reflected or diffracted light rays; Re: direct rays

phase contrast is used for

greater differentiation of internal structures and clearly shows the pellicle

Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) is similar to phase contrast except

different refractive indexes

Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) uses how may light beams

2 light beams and prisms to split light beams; giving more contrast and color to the specimen 

Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) is used for

Images are brightly colored and appear 3-D

Fluorescence uses what light waves

Fluorescent substance absorb UV light and emit longer wavelength (visible) light

Fluorescence is stained with what substance

Cells may be stained with fluorescent dyes (fluorochrome) if they do not naturally fluoresce

Fluorescence what colors do they stain

May stain bright yellow, green, orange against dark field of view 

what is the application for : fluorescence antibody

• Immofluorescence 

• Antibodies specific for a type of microbial pathogen are prepared and tagged with fluorochrome 

• FA are applied to a microscope slide bearing the specimen that may contain pathogenic microbe

what is fluorescence mainly used to see

Rapid and specific detection of pathogens

Confocal uses what to stain

fluorochrome

what wavelength is used to in confocal

Shortwavelength (blue) light is used to excite a single plane of a specimen 

what is used to scan one plane on a confocal

Uses pinhole aperture to scan one plane at a time 

what dimension are used in the confocal

Clear 2-D images at a time 

what dimension are used in the confocal that appear on the computer

3-D image

two photon is stained with what dye

fluorochrome

what wavelength is used on the two-photon

Two photons of long wavelength (red) light are used to excite the dyes

what is the two-photon used for

Study living cells and track cell activity in real time

Super-Resolution Light Microscopy uses how many light beams

• Uses two laser beams 

what does the first wavelength in the super-resolution

stimulates fluorescent molecules to glow

what does the second wavelength in the super-resolution

cancels out all fluorescence except for that in 1nm

what does super-resolution used for

Computer scans the specimen by nm by nm then puts the images together

what microscope uses dead microbes

compound

what microscope uses alive microbes

darkfield, phase-contrast, Differential Interference Contrast (DIC), Fluorescence, Confocal, two-photon, and super-resolution

what microscope uses no staining

phase-contrast