SEMESTER 2-WORLD HISTORY

Define the Renaissance.

Rebirth of the cultural and intellectual past of ancient Greece and Rome ( 1300-1600 A.D.)

What was the Scientific Revolution?

New way of thinking based on observation and willingness to question

Define the Protestant Reformation

Criticism of the Roman Catholic Church led to this religious movement.

How/why did Martin Luther challenge the Catholic Church?

Believed the church was corrupt and sold indulgences, then wrote the 95 theses to criticize the church

What were the effects of the Protestant Reformation?

Encourage people to question authority and focus more on the Bible.

Define The Enlightenment.

Stressed reason and rational thinking to solve problems

Define separation of powers

Separation of powers→ Branches of Government

Define consent of the governed

Consent of the governed → idea government gets power from people

What were the Enlightenment philosophers' (Locke, Rousseau, Montesquieu, Wollstonecraft) main ideas?

Locke = protect rights

Voltaire = evil and freedom

Montesquieu = 3 branches of government

Rousseau = Direct Democracy

Wollstonecraft = women's rights

Causes of revolution:

What’s an example of an Economic Problem?

People may struggle with high taxes, poverty, unemployment, unfair distribution of wealth, etc.

Causes of revolution:

What’s an example of Nationalism?

People may rebel if they want independence, self-rule, or to unite with others who share their identity

Causes of revolution:

What’s an example of a Social Injustice?

Often happens when groups of people are being treated unfairly due to race and class, inequality, lacking rights,

Causes of revolution:

What’s an example of an Unpopular Method of Rule?

When rulers govern unfairly/ abuse power like a dictatorship, corruption, and deny freedom of speech may make citizens rebel against their government.

Causes of revolution:

What’s an example of Religious Intolerance?

Conflicts may arise when a government puts limits on religious freedom or favors one religion over others. People may revolt if their beliefs are being ignored.

Causes of revolution:

What’s an example of an Enlightenment idea?

Encourage people to question authority and support natural rights, liberty, equality, and democracy.

French Revolution causes:

Economic problems-

Nationalism-

Social Injustice-

Unpopular method of rule-

Religious Intolerance-

Enlightenment Ideas-

E- Financial problems in France due to the war expenses, gov debt, etc. High taxes on foods like bread of the Third Estate

N- People wanted pride and power for the nation instead of just the king

S- Had classes in society and privileges from those paying most taxes, and had fewer rights.

U- King Louis XVI ruled under an absolute monarchy, seen as weak, leaving many frustrated by unfair leadership & lack of representation in the gov.

R- Some are unhappy with the power of the catholic church and unfair treatment

E- Thinkers promoted freedom, equality, and natural rights, inspiring change

Economic Systems:

Define Capitalism and provide characteristics.

No government assistance, and businesses can make a profit or fail without help

Economic Systems:

Define Socialism and provide characteristics.

The government chooses what businesses can start, and all properties are public.

Economic Systems:

Define Communism and provide characteristics.

Government in full control with little opinion from others

Economic Systems:

Define Mixed Economy and provide characteristics.

Individuals can start their own businesses, but pay taxes to the government, and the government regulates some activities (a mix of capitalism and socialism).

The Age of Exploration:

What were the 3 G’s?

Gold, Glory. God, and government

The Age of Exploration:

What was the impact on Native Americans?

• Population affected (negatively, as many were dying from diseases like smallpox, typhus, and measles)

• Lost land due to colonization

• Cultural changes disrupted traditional ways of living

The Age of Exploration:

What was the impact on Africans?

The Age of Exploration:

What was the impact on Europeans?

• Increased opportunities and wealth

• New foods, products, and improved diets within the economy

• More geographical knowledge and global influences

Define the Columbian Exchange.

Transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and culture between the eastern and western hemispheres

What were some causes for the Industrial Revolution?

1. populations grew

   1. More people = more workers

   2. more workers = more factories

   3. more factories = more goods

   4. more goods = more buyers/ sellers

2. New Inventions

   1. Seed drill- Allowed for more efficient planting

   2. Steam engine- Used to power large machines in a factory

1. Natural resources

   1. Had the Factors of Production (Land, Labor, Entrepreneurship) needed for a revolution to occur

2. Transportation improved

   1. Roads- New road construction techniques made it easier to transport goods

   2. Railways- Allowed towns and cities to grow rapidly.

   3. Canals- Allowed goods to be transported through man-made waterways.

What were some positive short-term and long-term effects of the Industrial Revolution?

• transportation improved ( railways, canals, etc.)

• Workers earned higher wages in factories than farm jobs

• Many more jobs were created & more people worked

• Large amount of wealth in Great Britain

• The middle class developed and grew in size

• Revolution meant more technological progress and inventions

What were some negative short-term and long-term effects of the Industrial Revolution?

• Dangerous working conditions and no protection for workers

• A wide gap between the rich and the poor

• Most city buildings did not have plumbing and were very unsanitary

• Whole families had to live in crowded one-bedroom apartments

• Sicknesses and diseases were widespread

• People lost their jobs to machines

Define industrialization.

The process of going from handmade goods to machine-made goods

Define urbanization.

the shift of people moving from rural areas (like farms and small villages) to urban areas (cities and large towns)

What were the causes of imperialism? (Broad)

Political

Economic

Religious

Social

Why are those (P.E.R.S.) causes of imperialism?

Political-

• Race for territory (land)

• Way to show off

Economic-

• New markets

• Raw amaterials

Religious-

• Spread Christianity

Social-

• Social Darwinism

• Racism

• Assimilation

What were the causes of World War I?

M- Militarism

A- Alliances

I-Imperialism

N-Nationalism

Describe the causes of World War I (M.A.I.N)

Militarism- Glorifying war and military powers and countries used their military as a way to show off.

Alliances- Countries join together and agree to support each other if attacked

Imperialism- a strong nation tries to dominate other countries militarily, politically, economically, or socially.

Nationalism- total loyalty and devotion to one’s nation