World History to 1750 C.E Praxis 5581

This theory states that modern humans originated in Africa and later migrated across the world.

Out of Africa Theory

According to the Out of Africa Theory, Homo sapiens first appeared on this continent about 200,000 years ago.

Africa

This route carried early humans from Africa into the Middle East and later into Europe and Asia.

Sinai Peninsula

These types of evidence strongly support the Out of Africa Theory.

Fossil and genetic evidence

These ancient human relatives were eventually replaced by Homo sapiens according to the Out of Africa Theory.

Neanderthals and Denisovans

This theory proposes that humans entered the Americas through a land bridge connecting Siberia and Alaska.

Bering Land Route Theory

This land bridge connected Asia and North America during the Ice Age.

Beringia

This body of water separates Siberia and Alaska today.

Bering Strait

This prehistoric Native American culture is associated with early migration into North America.

Clovis Culture

This New Mexico city gave its name to the Clovis Culture.

Clovis

This migration theory suggests humans traveled along the Pacific coastline into the Americas.

Coastal Migration Theory

This archaeological site in Chile provides evidence of early human settlement before the ice-free corridor opened.

Monte Verde

This migration theory suggests early humans may have used boats while traveling into the Americas.

Coastal Migration Theory

This period of early human history involved hunter-gatherers using stone tools before agriculture developed.

Paleolithic Period

This major historical transformation shifted humans from hunting and gathering to farming communities.

Neolithic Revolution

This other name refers to the Neolithic Revolution.

Agricultural Revolution

During the Neolithic Revolution, humans began doing these two activities with plants and animals.

Domestication and farming

These crops were among the first cultivated during the Neolithic Revolution.

Wheat, barley, and legumes

These animals were among the first domesticated during the Neolithic Revolution.

Sheep, goats, and cattle

The Neolithic Revolution led humans to establish these types of communities.

Permanent settlements

This result of the Neolithic Revolution allowed larger communities and more complex societies to develop.

Population growth

This farming tool increased agricultural efficiency during the Neolithic Revolution.

Plow

This farming system controlled water for crops during the Neolithic Revolution.

Irrigation systems

This invention became widely used for storing food and water during the Neolithic period.

Pottery

As societies became more complex during the Neolithic Revolution, this social development emerged.

Social stratification

This economic practice developed as surplus food allowed communities to exchange goods.

Trade

This civilization located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers is known as the “cradle of civilization.”

Mesopotamia

This Mesopotamian writing system became one of the earliest forms of written communication.

Cuneiform

This Babylonian ruler created one of the world’s earliest written legal codes.

Hammurabi

This legal code established laws and punishments in ancient Babylon.

Hammurabi’s Code

These temple structures served religious purposes in Mesopotamia.

Ziggurats

This river was central to the development of ancient Egyptian civilization.

Nile River

These rulers governed ancient Egypt as both political and religious leaders.

Pharaohs

This Egyptian writing system used symbols and pictures for communication.

Hieroglyphics

These monumental Egyptian structures were built as tombs for pharaohs.

Pyramids

This Greek city-state became known as the birthplace of democracy.

Athens

This Greek city-state became famous for military discipline and strength.

Sparta

These Greek philosophers greatly influenced Western thought and philosophy.

Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle

This type of government developed in Athens and allowed citizens to participate directly in decision-making.

Direct democracy

This famous Greek leader created a massive empire that spread Hellenistic culture.

Alexander the Great

This period spread Greek culture, language, and ideas across parts of Asia, Africa, and Europe.

Hellenistic Period

This civilization developed republican government, Roman law, and extensive road systems.

Rome

This Roman language later influenced modern Romance languages.

Latin

This Roman structure hosted gladiator contests and public entertainment.

Colosseum

This Roman government system existed before the Roman Empire.

Roman Republic

This empire continued the Eastern Roman Empire after the fall of Rome in the West.

Byzantine Empire

This Byzantine emperor organized Roman law into the Justinian Code.

Justinian I

This Byzantine legal code influenced many modern legal systems.

Justinian Code

This famous Byzantine church in Constantinople became a masterpiece of architecture.

Hagia Sophia

This city served as the capital of the Byzantine Empire.

Constantinople

This empire conquered Constantinople in 1453 and renamed it Istanbul.

Ottoman Empire

This elite Ottoman military force helped expand the Ottoman Empire.

Janissaries

This Ottoman system allowed religious minorities to govern themselves in some matters.

Millet system

This Persian ruler founded one of the largest empires of the ancient world.

Cyrus the Great

This Persian religion emphasized the struggle between good and evil.

Zoroastrianism

This Persian road system improved communication and trade across the empire.

Royal Road

This civilization developed Hinduism, Buddhism, and the caste system.

India

This Indian religion teaches the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path.

Buddhism

This Indian social system divided people into hereditary classes.

Caste system

This mathematical concept developed in ancient India transformed mathematics worldwide.

Zero

This Chinese philosophy emphasized respect, order, and moral behavior.

Confucianism

This Chinese philosophy emphasized harmony with nature and simplicity.

Daoism

This Chinese trade route connected East Asia with the Middle East and Europe.

Silk Road

This Chinese invention provided a cheaper writing material than parchment.

Papermaking

This African kingdom became one of the first African states to adopt Christianity.

Axum

These African trade goods connected kingdoms across the Sahara and Indian Ocean.

Gold and ivory

This Mesoamerican civilization developed advanced astronomy, pyramids, and hieroglyphic writing.

Maya

These Mesoamerican crops became staples throughout the Americas.

Maize, beans, and squash

This Mesoamerican civilization developed the concept of zero independently.

Maya

These Mesoamerican structures served religious and ceremonial purposes.

Pyramids and temples

These religions worshipped multiple gods and goddesses and spread throughout the Mediterranean after Alexander the Great’s conquests.

Hellenistic religions

This historical period followed the death of Alexander the Great and spread Greek culture across large regions.

Hellenistic Period

Hellenistic religions believed in this type of religious system with many gods.

Polytheism

These Greek gods were central figures in Hellenistic religious worship.

Zeus, Athena, and Apollo

This Greek conqueror spread Hellenistic culture across Egypt, Persia, and parts of Asia.

Alexander the Great

These worship practices were common in Hellenistic religions.

Rituals, sacrifices, festivals, and temple worship

This philosophical school taught self-control, reason, and emotional discipline during the Hellenistic period.

Stoicism

This philosophical school emphasized avoiding pain and seeking happiness through moderation.

Epicureanism

This empire adopted many Greek gods and blended them with Roman religion.

Roman Empire

This religion founded in ancient Persia became one of the world’s earliest monotheistic faiths.

Zoroastrianism

This Persian prophet founded Zoroastrianism around the 6th century BCE.

Zoroaster

This god of wisdom and truth is worshipped in Zoroastrianism.

Ahura Mazda

This evil spirit opposes Ahura Mazda in Zoroastrian belief.

Angra Mainyu

These ideas from Zoroastrianism later influenced Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

Heaven, hell, and final judgment

These religions are based on belief in one all-powerful god.

Monotheistic religions

This monotheistic religion originated with the ancient Hebrews in the Near East.

Judaism

This god is worshipped as the one true deity in Judaism.

Yahweh

This sacred Jewish text outlines laws, morals, and beliefs.

Torah

This monotheistic religion became the official religion of the Roman Empire under Constantine.

Christianity

This Roman emperor legalized Christianity and supported its spread throughout the empire.

Constantine

This monotheistic religion worships Allah as the one true God.

Islam

These Islamic empires spread Islam across the Middle East, North Africa, and parts of Europe and Asia.

Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates

This term describes a single god who is all-powerful, all-knowing, and present everywhere.

Omnipotent, omniscient, and omnipresent

Unlike Hellenistic religions, monotheistic faiths focus on this concept.

One all-encompassing god

This city served as the center of Jewish worship and religion in ancient times.

Jerusalem

This day of rest is observed weekly in Judaism.

Shabbat

In monotheistic religions, these individuals communicate God’s teachings and moral laws.

Prophets

This major difference separates Hellenistic and monotheistic religions.

Multiple gods vs. one god

These aspects of life were controlled by different gods in Hellenistic religions.

War, love, wisdom, and nature

This cultural influence became important in Hellenistic societies through festivals, temples, and mythology.

Public worship