Mitosis and Meiosis

The notes from class on these topics in flashcard form.

The Phases of the Cell Cycle:

Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and Cytokinesis

Mitosis

One cell divides to form two or more cells, a division of only the nucleus, helps to replace any damaged or worn out cells.

Interphase (growing phase)

• Doubling occurs

• DNA doubles

• Organelles double

• Size doubles

• Chromatin are long strands of DNA only in Interphase

• Cell growth occurs

Prophase

• Chromosomes condense

• Chromosomes match and pair up

• Nuclear membrane disappears

• Centrioles move to the poles

• Division of Sister Chromatids occur

• Chromosomes are visible

Metaphase

• Chromosomes line up in the middle

• Spindle fibers attach to the centromeres (the chromosomes in the middle)

Anaphase

• Spindle Fibers pull apart the centromeres, pulling them to one side (splitting them in half)

• Half the centromeres are on one side, half on the other

• Chromosomes are distributed equally to daughter cells

Telophase

• Cytoplasm begins to tear

• Cleavage furrow forms

• New nuclear membranes form

Cytokinesis

• One cell becomes two daughter cells

• Two identical cells are formed

• Cytoplasm divides

Sister Chromatids

Two identical chromosomes that pair up during mitosis, match up during Prophase and split during Anaphase

Pollination

Pollen comes into contact with the stigma, pollen grains form a pollen tube down the style to the ovary

Fertilization

Pollen fuses with a ovule, flowers and stamen wither, and the ovary develops into “fruit” to protect the next generation of seeds

Sepals

Green, leaf-like structures that protect the bud, then the base of the petals

Petals

The most visible part of the flower. It is like this so animals can be attracted by it, and pollinate it with another flower. Colors and smells attract animals.

Reproductive Parts

Flowers with both male and female parts are called “complete” or “perfect” flowers. Female inside, male on top. Reproductive parts are used to continue a species.

Germination

The process of a seed sprouting roots in the soil and anchoring the plant

Reproduction Process of Plants

Sends pollen to the stigma, the pollen makes a tube to the ovaries. After fertilizing, it loses it’s petals+stamen and starts to protect the seeds using fruit

Sepal

Ovary

Petals

Style

Stigma

Pistil

Stamen

Anther

Filament