Mechanisms of Infection and Host Protection/Autoimmune diseases/Immunodeficiency Diseases (complete)

Resistance to antibiotic drugs

_____________ has greatly increased reemergence of infectious diseases once thought to be eliminated

bone marrow and thymus

where the production and maturation of immune cells takes place, composed of reticular tissue

t lymphocytes

form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances

B lymphocytes

form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections

peripheral lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, spleen, appendix, tonsils)

Recognize and process antigens- Promote the cellular interactions necessary for the development of adaptive immune responses

cervical nodes

lymph nodes that drain the head and neck region

axillary nodes

lymph nodes that drain the breast and arm

inguinal nodes

lymph nodes that drain the lower extremities

tonsilitis

inflammation of the tonsils, caused by virus or bacteria, most of the times it goes away, however in severe cases tonsils are removes

lymphedema

swelling due to an abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid within the tissues, can occur due to radiation or chemotherapy, not curable

elephantiasis

caused by parasitic roundworms that infect inguinal lymph nodes and block drainage, leads to severe lymphedema

lymphatic tuberculosis

caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis that affects lymph nodes, causes swelling of lymph nodes may discharge pus, can experience fever and weight loss

immunity

Protection from infectious disease

Immune response

Coordinating and collective response of the immune system cells and molecules in the body

How a body recognizes and defend against bacteria and viruses as well as foreign and harmful substances

non-specific (innate) immunity

This inflammation is essential for containment and cleanup, but must be tightly regulated to avoid chronic damage. neutrophils and macrophages are first reponders

specific (adaptive) immunity

body produces antibodies in response to a specific antigen through action of B and T lymphocytes. Requires more time, but the immune response against that antigen in the future is more efficient.

interferons

proteins (cytokines) secreted by T cells and other cells to aid and regulate the immune response. when cell is infected, it releases an interferon to tell neighbor cell to protect themselves

complement

20 proteins that are activated when exposed to bacterial antigens

The adaptive response

It is antigen specific, it is systemic, it has memory so it is prepared for next time pathogen comes in contact with the body

humoral immunity

B cells produce antibodies after exposure to specific antigens; type of adaptive immunity

cell mediated immunity

type of adaptive immunity produced by T cells that attack infected or abnormal body cells

plasma cells

Cells that develop from B cells and produce antibodies at the infected site

IgM antibodies

antibody that fixes complement, often first produced. Powerful agglutinogen

IgA antibodies

antibody that is secreted into tears and colostrum, protects body surfaces

IgD antibodies

antibodies located on B cell membranes where they act as antigen receptors

IgG antibodies

antibody that activates complement, found in plasma

IgE antibodies

antibody that binds to mast cells and basophils, stimulates inflammation.

active humoral immunity

immunity that can be naturally acquired through contact with pathogen or artificially acquired through vaccine

passive humoral immunity

can be naturally acquired through placenta or milk, or artificially acquired through injection of serum

t helper cells

T lymphocytes with CD4 receptors on their cell-surface membranes, which bind to antigens on antigen-presenting cells and produce interleukins, a type of cytokine.

T cytotoxic cells

T cells that kill target cells in an antigen-specific manner

Memorize

Vaccination

Administration of a debt or weekend, infectious age component to an individual with a purpose of inducing in response, informing memory cells that are sensitive to infectious Agent

Vaccination provides herd immunity when a significant portion of a population is immunized , thus reducing the number of susceptible hosts enough to slow or halt the spread of an infectious agent

Booster

A second vaccine given to remind the immune system of prior antigen – it increases secondary response and creates a longer lasting immunity

inactivated vaccine

pathogen is treated with chemical so it can no longer reproduce

attenuated (weakened) vaccine

vaccine in which pathogen is grown under conditions that make it less virulent

subunit vaccine

Vaccine containing only specific antigenic proteins of the infectious agent

toxoid vaccine

Toxins are treated with chemicals to remove toxic components yet retains antigenicity

mRNA vaccines

work by introducing a piece of mRNA that corresponds to a viral protein, usually a small piece of a protein found on the virus's outer membrane.

conjugate vaccines

vaccine where antigen is linked to a protein carrier (conjugate) to increase the vaccine's effectiveness

Recombinant vaccines

genes from a pathogen are inserted into a vector, with low virulence, and either the vector or the peptide produced by the vector is administered in a vaccine

DNA vaccines

The DNA of the pathogen is administered to the host. The host cells produce the pathogen's antigens; in turn, an immune response to these antigens is elicited

Normal range of neutrophils

Neutrophils

Normal range in adults:

2.097.0 * 109/L (40–80%)

Causes for a high count of neutrophils

Known as neutrophilia

• Acute bacterial infections and some infections caused by viruses and fungi

• Chronic inflammation (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis)

• Tissue death caused by trauma, major surgery, myocardial infarction, burns

• Physiologic (stress, rigorous exercise)

• Smoking

• Pregnancy: last trimester or during labor

• Chronic leukemia (e.g., myelogenous leukemia)

What are reason a neutrophil count will be low

Known as neutropenia

• Myelodysplastic syndrome

• Severe infection (e.g., SIRS, septic shock)

• Drug reaction (e.g., phenytoin)

• Autoimmune disorders

• Chemotherapy

• Aplastic anemia

Normal range of lymphocytes

Normal range in adults:

1.093.0 * 109/L (20–40%)

Reasons for high count of lymphocytes

Known as lymphocytosis

• Acute viral infections (e.g. chicken pox)

• Certain bacterial infections (e.g., pertussis, tuberculosis)

• Lymphoma

Reasons for low lymphocyte count

Known as lymphopenia or lymphocytopenia

• Autoimmune disorders (e.g., lupus, rheumatoid arthritis)

• Infections (e.g., HIV, hepatitis, influenza)

• Bone marrow damage (e.g., chemotherapy, radiation

therapy)

• Immune deficiency

Normal range of monocytes

Normal range in adults:

0.291.0 * 109/L (2–10%)

What are reasons for a high monocyte count

Known as monocytosis

• Chronic infections (e.g., tuberculosis, fungal infection)

• Infection within the heart (bacterial endocarditis)

• Collagen vascular diseases (e.g., lupus, scleroderma, rheumatoid arthritis, vasculitis)

• Inflammatory bowel disease

• Myelogenous leukemia

• Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia

• Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia

What are reasons for low monocyte count

Known as monocytopenia

Usually, one low count is not medically significant.

Repeated low counts can indicate:

• Bone marrow damage or failure

• Hairy-cell leukemia

What is the normal range of eosinophils

Normal range in adults:

0.0290.5 * 109/L (1–6%)

What are the reasons for a high eosinophil count

Known as eosinophilia

• Asthma, allergies such as hay fever

• Drug reactions

• Inflammation of the skin (e.g., eczema, dermatitis)

• Parasitic infections

• Inflammatory disorders (e.g., celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease)

• Certain malignancies/cancers

What are reasons for a low eosinophil coutn

Known as eosinopenia

This is often difficult to determine because numbers are normally low in the blood.

One or an occasional low number is usually not medically significant.

What is the normal range of basophils

Normal range in adults:

0.0290.1 * 109/L (6192,)

What is the reasons for high basophils count

Known as basophilia

• Rare allergic reactions (e.g., hives, food allergy)

• Inflammation (rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis)

• Some leukemias

What is the reason for low basophil count

Known as basopenia

As with eosinophils, numbers are normally low in the blood, so an occasionally low number is usually not medically significant