Small Animal Cardiology

What valves can you typically see at the base of the heart?

Pulmonic and aortic

What valves can you typically hear at the apex of the heart?

Mitral and tricuspid

What is an extra heart sound usually called?

Gallop - heard in cats or dogs w/ DCM

Identify the heart sound:

Atrioventricular valve closing?

S1

Identify the heart sound:

Semilunar valve closing?

S2

Identify the heart sound:

Ventricular filling

S3

Identify the heart sound:

Atrial contraction

S4

When are we most likely to hear a gallop rhythm?

S3 - Ventricular filling

How do we grade a Heart murmur?

Loudest audible sound location will determine the murmur

Grade the murmur:

Faint murmur less intense than normal heart sounds?

Grade 1

Grade the murmur:

Slight murmur - heart sound is equal to murmur sound

Grade 2

Grade the murmur:

Moderate murmur - Murmur louder than heart and may radiate to both sides of chest?

Grade 3

Grade the murmur:

Loud - No normal heart sounds heard

Grade 4

Grade the murmur:

Very loud Palpable thrill

Grade 5

Grade the murmur:

Loudest possible - can hear w/out stethoscope

Grade 6

Atrioventrical (Tricuspid and mitral) murmurs are head in the ___ phase and will have the ___ intesity all the way through?

Systole (S1-S2)

Same intensity - plateau shaped

Semilunar (Pulmonary and aortic) murmurs are head in the ___ phase and are known as ___ murmurs?

Systole (S1- S2)

Ejection murmurs - turbulent blood flow

Ejection murmurs are more likely to be ___ in dogs?

Congenital

What is the most common type of ejection murmur in a cat?

HCM -acquired (can be congenital)

Where are most diastolic murmurs heard?

At all valves (S2-S1)

What does a weak femoral pulse suggest?

Less than 25% of systolic value and hypotension and aortic stenosis

What does a bounding femoral pulse suggest?

Low diastolic pressure in the case of PDA or aortic insufficiency

What position should an animal be in for an ECG?

R lateral

Identify where the following electrodes should go?

White

Black

Red

Green

White: FR

Black: FL

Red: HL

Green: RR

Identify the type of arrhythmia?

Sinus arrhythmia

What is the X axis of an ECG?

Speed/ time (Measured 50mm/s)

What is the Y axis of an ECG?

Sensitivity (10mm/mV) - full

How do you find HR on an ECG?

(# of boxes between 2 RR intervals @50mm/sec x 0.02s)/ 60s

A bic pen = how many ECG boxes?

30

How do you get an indirect Doppler bp?

Inflate cuff until there is no more signal and go 20mmHg beyond this point. Then deflate cuff until signal returns to find systolic BP.

What should be recorded in regards to indirect doppler BP?

5-7 consistent reading (discard 1st)

Cuff size

Measurement site

Pt recumbency

Pt demeanor

What is VHS?

vertebral heart score - diff between heart size and body length

The VHS should not be above what?

10.5

What is the VLAS?

Vertebral L atrial size

At what VLAS measurement would we consider the L atrial enlarged?

Greater than 2.3

At what VLAS measurement would we start vetmedin?

Greater than 3