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Quadratus Lumborum
O: Iliac crest of Ilium, internal lip I: Inferior margin of 12th rib, TP of L1-L4 N: Anterior rami of T12 and L1-L4 A: Depress and stabilize rib 12, lateral bending of trunk
Semispinalis Capitis
O: AP of C4-C7, TP of T1-T6 I: Between superior and inferior nuchal lines N: Spinal nerve and greater occipital A: Extension of neck, head, and trunk
Semispinalis Cervicis
O: TP of T1-T6 I: SP of C2-C5 N: Spinal nerve A: Bilaterally extends head, neck, and trunk; laterally flexes and rotates
Semispinalis Thoracis
O: TP of T6-T10 I: SP of C6-T4 N: Spinal nerve A: Bilaterally extends head, neck, and trunk; laterally flexes and rotates
Rotatores
O: TP of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions I: SP of vertebrae spanning one or two superior (brevis & longus) to origin N: Respective spinal nerves of each region A: Stabilize, extend, rotate to opposite side of the spine
Multifidus
O: AP of C4-C7, TP of T1-T3, posterior sacrum, PSIS, sacroiliac ligament I: SP of vertebrae spanning one to four vertebrae superior to origin N: Respective spinal nerves of each region A: Stabilize spine during local movement, rotate to opposite side
Erector Spinae Iliocostalis
O: Thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, posterior sacrum, sacral ligaments, SP of lumbar vertebrae I: Angles of lower ribs, TP of cervical vertebrae N: Respective spinal nerves of each region A: Laterally flexes column to same side, bilaterally extends vertebral column
Erector Spinae Longissimus
O: Thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, posterior sacrum, sacral ligaments, SP of lumbar vertebrae I: Between tubercles of ribs 3-12, TP of thoracic and cervical vertebrae, mastoid process N: Respective spinal nerves of each region A: Laterally flexes column to same side, bilaterally extends vertebral column
Erector Spinae Spinalis
O: Thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, posterior sacrum, sacral ligaments, SP of lumbar vertebrae I: SP of thoracic and cervical vertebrae, occipital bone between superior and inferior nuchal N: Respective spinal nerves of each region A: Laterally flexes column to same side, bilaterally extends vertebral column
Splenius Capitus
O: Nuchal ligament and SP of C7, T1-T3 vertebrae I: Mastoid process of temporal bones, superior nuchal line of occipital bone N: Middle cervical nerves A: Bilaterally extends head, laterally bends/flexes and rotates face to the same side
Splenius Cervicis
O: T3-T6 vertebrae I: TP of C1-C3 N: Lower cervical nerves A: Bilaterally extends head, laterally bends/flexes, and rotates face to the same side
Rectus Capitis Posterior Major
O: SP of C2 (axis) I: Lateral part of inferior nuchal line of occipital bone N: Suboccipital nerve (C1) A: Extends head and rotates to same side
Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor
O: Tubercle of posterior arch of C1 (atlas) I: Medial part of inferior nuchal line of occipital bone N: Suboccipital nerve (C1) A: Extends head
Obliquus Capitis Superior
O: TP of C1 (atlas) I: Between superior and inferior nuchal lines of occipital bone N: Suboccipital nerve (C1) A: Extends head and bends it laterally
Obliquus Capitis Inferior
O: SP and upper lamina of axis (C2) I: TP of C1 (atlas) N: Suboccipital nerve A: Rotates head to same side
Upper Trapezius
O: External occipital protuberance, nuchal ligament I: Lateral third of clavicle, acromion of scapula N: Accessory nerve (CN XI) and C3-C4 A: Elevates scapula, upward rotation
Middle Trapezius
O: SP of C7-T3 I: Spine of scapula N: Accessory nerve (CN XI) and C3-C4 A: Retraction of scapula and upward rotation
Lower Trapezius
O: SP of T4-T12 I: Root of spine of scapula N: Accessory nerve (CN XI) and C3-C4 A: Depresses scapula
Levator Scapulae
O: TP of C1-C4 I: Vertical border of scapula from superior angle to root of spine N: C3-C4 and dorsal scapular (C5) nerve A: Elevates scapula and tilts glenoid cavity inferiorly
Anterior Scalene
O: TP of C3-C6 I: First rib N: C5-C8 A: Flexes neck laterally and elevates first rib
Middle Scalene
O: TP of C2-C7 I: First rib N: C3-C7 A: Flexes neck laterally, elevates the first rib
Posterior Scalene
O: TP of C4-C6 I: First and second rib N: C6-C8 A: Flexes neck laterally and elevates second rib
Longus Colli
O: TP of C3-C5, bodies of C5-C7 and T1-T3 I: Anterior tubercle of C1 TP, bodies of C2-C4, TP of C5-C6 N: C2-C6 spinal nerves Flexes cervical vertebrae, allows slight rotation
Longus Capitis
O: Anterior tubercle of C3-C6 TP I: Basilar part of occipital bone N: C2-C3 spinal nerves A: Flexes head
Sternocleidomastoid
O: [Sternal head] manubrium of sternum [Clavicular head] med. clavicle I: Mastoid process of temporal bone N: Accessory nerve (CN XI) A: Laterally flexes and rotates; face to opposite superior side, flexes neck, hyperextend neck
External Oblique
O: Lower 8 ribs (ribs 5-12) I: Linea alba, pubis, anterior iliac crest N: Inferior 6 thoracic nerves and subcostal nerves A: Compress and support abdominal viscera, flexes and rotates trunk
Internal Oblique
O: Inguinal ligament, anterior iliac crest, thoracolumbar aponeurosis I: Costal cartilage of ribs 9-12, abdominal aponeurosis, linea alba N: Ventral rami of inferior 6 thoracic nerves and first lumbar nerve A: Compress and supports abdominal viscera, flexes and rotates trunk
Transversus Abdominis
O: Inguinal ligament, iliac crest, thoracolumbar aponeurosis, internal surfaces of costal cartilages 7-12 I: Abdominal aponeurosis, linea alba, pubis N: Ventral rami of inferior 6 thoracic nerves and first lumbar nerve A: Compress and supports abdominal viscera
Rectus Abdominis
O: Pubic symphysis, pubic crest I: Costal cartilages of ribs 5-7, xyphoid process N: Ventral rami of inferior 6 thoracic nerves A: Compress abdominal viscera and flexes trunk
Cervical Vertebra
Neck region, consists of 7 vertebrae. Make anterior convex curve
Atlas
First cervical vertebrae. No body or spinous process and articulates with the occipital bone superiorly. Allows movement in the neck
Axis
Second cervical vertebrae. Has a dens/odontoid process that articulates with the atlas
Thoracic Vertebra
Twelve vertebrae that compose the middle portion of the back. Make posterior convex curve. The only vertebrae that attach to the ribs and have overlapping spinous processes
Lumbar Vertebra
Five vertebrae that compose the lower portion of the back. Makes anterior convex curve. Have larger bodies to support body weight
Vertebral Foramen
Opening in the vertebrae through which the spinal cord passes through
Transverse Process
Small bony articulations that protrude from the lateral sides of the vertebra that act as a site for attachment
Spinous Process
Bony projection off the posterior of vertebrae. Protrudes from the lamina
Pedicle
Acts as a bridge from the body of vertebrae
Lamina
Acts as a bridge from the spinous process of the vertebrae
Manubrium
Upper broad portion of the sternum
Interclavicular Notch
Rounded notch super to the manubrium between the surfaces articulating with the clavicles
Xiphoid Process
Most inferior portion of the sternum
Body of Sternum
Long middle portion of the sternum
Ilium
The superior and widest of the three bones making up the hipbone
Ischium
One of the three sections of the hipbone; situated below the ilium
Pubis
One of the three sections of the hipbone; together these two bones form the front of the pelvis and make the pubic symphysis
Symphysis Pubis
Joint between pubic bones
Obturator Foramen
Large opening in the hipbone between the pubis and ischium
Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
Runs along the anterior length of the vertebral bodies. Extension, stops over-extension
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
Runs along the posterior side of the vertebral bodies vertically. Flexion, stops over-flexion
Interspinous Ligament
Between the spinous processes running horizontally. Prevents excessive flexion and rotation.
Ligamentum Flavum
Connects the lamina, runs vertically. Limits flexion because it is anterior to the spinous processes. Supports natural curvature of spine
Supraspinous Ligament
Most posterior to spinal cord, runs vertically posterior to spinous process. Stops flexion and stops the spinous processes from "splitting" by keeping tension in them
![<p>O: [Sternal head] manubrium of sternum [Clavicular head] med. clavicle I: Mastoid process of temporal bone N: Accessory nerve (CN XI) A: Laterally flexes and rotates; face to opposite superior side, flexes neck, hyperextend neck</p>](https://knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/5debecaa119b4269ac38fe01afd76b1e.jpeg)
