Spanish Linguistics Flashcards

Flashcards covering key vocabulary and concepts from the Spanish Linguistics lecture notes.

Evanescence

The characteristic of evanescence implies that the messages that we emit are not permanent, but disappear immediately after their emission.

Interchangeability

Interchangeability is when there is an exchange of roles in communication between the sender and the receiver.

Reflexivity

Reflexivity demonstrates the ability of the human being to make use of language to speak and describe their system.

Prevarication

The human being is capable of incurring in a behavior of prevarication, that is, twisting what he says or lying.

Displacement

The characteristic of displacement underlines the fact that human language allows us to express ideas distant in time and space.

Recursiveness

Recursiveness refers to the ability to repeat a linguistic unit or rule that can give rise to an unlimited number of statements.

Arbitrary

Language is arbitrary because a form of language does not have an innate or natural relationship with its meaning

Descriptive Grammar

Descriptive grammar explain in the most detailed way possible how the speakers use the language.

Mental Grammar

Mental grammar allows a speaker to recognize the validity of a statement.

Prescriptive Grammar

Prescriptive grammar collects the rules on the use of the language.

Linguistics

Linguistics is the scientific study of both the structure of natural languages and related aspects.

Language

Language is the capacity or ability of human beings to communicate through the use of linguistic signs in one or more languages.

La Lengua

The language is composed of linguistic signs proper or characteristic of a community of speakers.

Dialect

A dialect is the modality of a language used in a certain territory.

Jerga

Slang is a variety of speech of a specialized or familiar nature that is used in certain professions.

Habla

Speech is the characteristic use or linguistic realization of a specific speaker.

Morfema

A morpheme is the minimum unit of meaning.

Palabra Monomorfémica

Monomorphemic words have only one morpheme in the word.

Palabras Polimorfemicas

Polymorphemic words have two or more morphemes.

Interfijos

Affixes located inside the word

Prefijo

Affixes located before the root

Sufijo

Affixes located after the root

Raíz

The root is the morpheme with lexical meaning.

Afijos

Affixes can change the meaning of a word and determine its grammatical category.

Morfema Flexivo

A flexive morpheme is part of a paradigm and does not change the mental representation.

Derivación

Derivation is the most productive process in the creation of words and consists of adding affixes to a root.

Morfemas Flexivos

Flexive morphemes are affixes that do not change the meaning of a word. For example, cantaste, cantó, cantamos, cantaron.

Afijos derivativos

Derivation affixes create a new meaning. Flexive affixes are part of a paradigm

Morfemas derivativos

Derivation morphemes- Affixes that change the original meaning of the word. Example: hablar + dor= hablador

Morfemas libres

Free morphemes can appear without another morpheme

Alomorfo

Allomorph is a variation of the same morpheme does not change the meaning.

Palabras simples

simple words- a root + flexive morphemes

Palabras derivadas

derived words- a root + derivational morphemes

Palabras parasinteticos

parasynthetic words- words created from several words.

Palabras compuestas

compound words- two roots+ flexive morphemes.

Derivación

Derivation is a process in word formation.

Prefijación

Prefixation is a derivative process.

Cuál tipo de afijo o afijación es más productivo en la derivación en español

Suffix is the most productive type of affix or affixation in derivation in Spanish

Sufijos peyorativos

Peyoratives are negative or derogatory use

Sufijos diminutivos

Diminutives can convey meanings of an affective nature, or with a derogatory tone.

Sufijos aumentivos

Augmentatives usually denote larger size or may indicate meanings of an emotional or even derogatory nature.

Los acrónimos

Acronyms are composed by juxtaposing letters, syllables or groups of initial or final letters that correspond to several terms.

Las abreviaturas

Abbreviations use one or more letters of a word as a representation.

Los acortamientos

Shortenings eliminate syllables from a word.

Los neologismos

Neologisms are newly incorporated words to the language.

Prestamos

Loans

Calco

Translation in which the original composition of a term from another language is imitated is called a calque.

Categorías léxicas

All lexical categories (nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs) are open classes. Functional categories (prepositions, conjunctions, determiners and pronouns) constitute closed classes.

Morfo de genero

Some nouns and adjectives do not have a gender morpheme.

Género

Gender is arbitrary

TAM

TAM meaning time, aspect and mode

Tipos de Modo

The three verbal modes in Spanish are: Subjunctive - the mode of the unreal, doubt, hypothesis. Imperative - the mode of mandates, orders. Indicative - the mode of the real

Sintagma

A syntagm is a functional unit, a word or words that have a syntactic function

Sujeto y Predicado

Subject is the person/animal/object/concept that we are talking about. Predicate is what we say about the subject

Elipsis

Elipsis is The elimination of a group of words

Recursividad

Recursiveness is the ability to continue giving to a base phrase

Agramaticales

When word combinations do not follow rules, they are considered agrammatical.

Prueba de sustitución

The substitution test is based on the idea that a word can replace a constituent

Permutación

Permutation is the idea that a constituent can move to a different place in the sentence and that it remains grammatical.

Coordinación

Coordination demonstrates that two elements are constituents if they have the same function in the phrase, such as two nouns or two verbs

Núcleo

A nucleus is the element with the relevant information within the constituent

Pro-drop

Pro-drop is when you eliminate the pronoun in a sentence

Oraciónes Simples y Compuestas

Simple sentence is composed of a single subject and predicate. A compound sentence is the union of two or more simple sentences

Morfema cero

A zero morpheme is a type of morph that has no sound, but that influences the meaning and agreement of the word.

Disglosia

Diglossia is the use of one language or variety in a specific context for reasons of prestige or privilege.

Actitud linguística

Linguistic attitude refers to the reaction towards the speech of a variety or speakers of a variety.

Lenguas en contacto

When two languages coexist in a territory, they are said to be "languages in contact."

Consonantes

Nasal, Occlusive, Vibrating, Fricative, Affricate, Approximant

Hiato

A hiato is two contiguous vowels in distinct syllables

Triptongo

A triptongo is three vowels in a single syllable

Diptongo

A diptongo is two vowels in a single syllable

Sílaba tónica

The syllable that has stress or accent in a word is called a tonic syllable

Alofono

Alofono is there a different meaning of a thing.

Palabras esdrujulas

Palabras esdrujulas have stress in the antepenultimate syllable

Palabras llanas/paroxitonas

Palabras llanas/paroxitonas have stress on the penultimate syllable

Palabras agudas

Palabras agudas have stress on the last syllable

Sílaba abierta

In open syllables there is no consonant at the end of the syllable

Sílaba cerrada

In a closed syllable there is a consonant at the end of the syllable.

Tonic vs Atonic

Tonic is where the stress is and atonic is no stress

Sonora vs Sordas

Voiced and unvoices

Fonema

A phoneme is the abstract representation (mental category) of a sound. A minimal pair consists of two words that differ in a single phoneme and have distinct meanings

Describe tres variaciones del fonema /s/ en el español

[s]- alveolar s in Hispano-America and northern Spain. [h]- aspirated in the Caribbean, Andalusia. Example: [ka.ha] [θ]- elision when the /s/ is lost in the Caribbean and Andalusia. Example: [ka.a]

Diptongo decreciente y Diptongo creciente

Diphthong decreasing formed by a vowel before a semivowel, e.g., aires, auto Diphthong Crescent formed by a semivowel before a vowel, e.g., tierra, c

Desafricacion

Lenition is when an affricated sound as ʃ(chico) is pronounced as fricative /ʃ", /s/.

Seseo y Ceceo

Seseo is when sounds syllables s and c are like s in the LATAM. Ceceo is when the sound syllables are pronounced liketh in the south of Spain. Example: siempre

Yeísmo

Yeísmo is the pronunciation of "ll" as "y" (ʝ)

Various -lects

Dialectal variety is the language used in a certain territory. Idolect is the traits of a single person. Sociolinguistics is the variation or alternations conditioned by social factors. Sociolect is the characteristics of a particular social group

diafásica, diacrónica, diatópica, diastrática

Diachronic is temporal or historical variation. Diatopic is geographic variation. Diastratic is social variation-sex, age, $$, education