ORGCHEM
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Last updated 2:15 PM on 8/16/23
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55 Terms
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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
LIVING THINGS THAT ARE MADE OF ORGANIC CHEMICALS
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PROTEIN
IT MAKES UP HAIR
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DNA
CONTROLS GENETIC MAKE
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1700
YEAR OF FOUNDATION OF ORGCHEM
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COMPOUNDS
PLANTS AND ANIMALS THAT DECOMPOSED EASILY
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TORBEN BERGMAN
(1770) FIRST TO MAKE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ORGANIC AND INORGANICS
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VITAL FORCE
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS COULD NOT BE SYNTHESIZED IN LABS LIKE INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
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CHERVRUT
(1816) ANIMAL FAT USE IN SOAP PROVED THAT ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CAN BE SYNTHESIZED
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WHOLER
(1828) POSSIBLE TO CONVERT INORGANIC SALT AMMONIUM CYANATE INTO ORGANIC UREA
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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
STUDY OF CARBON COMPOUNDS
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90%
PERCENTAGE OF 30MILLION COMPOUNDS THAT CONTAIN CARBON
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CARBON
GROUP 4A ELEMENT WHERE IT SHARE 4 VALENCE ELECTRONS AND FORM 4 COVALENT BONDS
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STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM (+)
NUCLEUS, VERY DENSE, PROTONS AND NEUTRONS, AT THE CENTER
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STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM (
)
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ATOMIC NUMBER (Z)
\# PROTONS
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MASS NUMBER/ATOMIC MASS (A)
\#PROTONS+NEUTRONS
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(T/F)
ALL ATOMS HAVE SAME ATOMIC NUMBER
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UNCHARGED PARTICLES
\#P\=\#E
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ISOTOPES
ATOMS OF SAME ELEMENT BUT DIFFERENT MASSES (CHANGES IN NEUTRONS)
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PROTIUM
99.99%
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DEUTRIUM
0.01%
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TRITIRUM
TRACE%
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ATOMIC MASS OF HYDROGEN
1.000794 AMU
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CARBON 12
98.89%
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CARBON 13
1.11%
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CARBON 14
TRACE%
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ATOMIC MASS OF CARBON
12.011 AMU
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RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES
TRITIUM AND CARBON 14
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UNSTABLE NUCLEUS
NUCLEUS FALLS APART/DECAYS, GIVING RADIOACTIVE PARTICLES
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ELECTRONIC MANAGEMENT
NEW LAYER IS ADDED FOR EACH ROW OR PERIOD IN TABLE
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SHELLS
ENERGY LEVELS
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ELECTRONS
FILL LAYER AROUND NUCLEUS (LOW\>HIGH)
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VALENCE ELECTRONS
WHERE MOST CHEMICAL REACTIONS OCCUR
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OCTET RULE
ATOMS ARE MOST STABLE WHEN THEY HAVE A FILLED OR EMPTY OUTER LAYER OF ELECTRONS
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OCTET RULE EXCEPTION
H AND HE
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ATOMS
GAIN LOSE OR SHARE ELECTRONS TO MAKE A FILLED OR EMPTY OUTER LAYER AND IT BASED ON WHAT IS EASIEST
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QUANTUM MECHANICS
DESCRIBLES ELECTRON ENERGIES AND LOCATIONS BY A WAVE EQN
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ELECTRON CLOUD
HAS NO SPECIFIC BOUNDARY SO WE SHOW MOST PROBABLE AREA
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S
1 ORIENT
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P
3ORIENT
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D
5 ORIENT
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F
7ORIENT
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S AND P ORBITALS
MOST IMPORTANT IN ORG AND BIOCHEM
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SHELL
CAN HAVE MANY ORBITALS
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1ST SHELL
1S, 2 ELECTRONS
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2ND SHELL
2S, 8 ELECTRONS
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3RD SHELL\=3S, 18 ELECTRONS
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AUFBAU “BUILDUP’ PRINCIPLE
LOWEST ENERGY ORBITALS FILL FIRST (1S
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PAULI EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE
ELECTRONS ACT AS IF THEY WERE SPINNING AROUND AN AXIS. HAVE UP AND DOWN ORIENT. ONLY 2 ELECTRONS CAN OCCUPY ORBITAL, AND MUST SPIN IN OPPOSITE TO HAVE UNIQUE WAVE EQUATIONS
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HUND’S RULE
TWO OR MORE EMPTY ORBITALS OF EQUAL ENERGY ARE AVAILABLE, ELECTRONS OCCUPY EACH WITH PARALLEL SPINS TIL ONLY ONE ELECTRON IS LEFT IN EACH ORBITAL
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VALENCE ELECTRONS
ELECTRON IN OUTERSHELL
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ELECTRONEGATIVITY
REFERS TO RELATIVE TENDENCY OF AN ATOM TO DRAW ELECTRONS.
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LEFT TO RIGHT AND BOTTOM TO TOP
INCREASE OF ELECTRONEGATIVITY
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FLUORINE
MOST ELECTRONEGATIVE ELEMENTS
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CARBON
REFERENCE POINT IN ELECTRONEGATIVITY