shs 712 ch 8-13

Fixed ratio feedback

reinforcement schedule is specified to occur after a certain number of correct responses

Variable ratio feedback

specifies an average number of correct responses needed to earn reinforcer

intermittent ratio feedback

feedback provided in a randomly selected way

true

Clinician should respond to both correct and incorrect responses

true

clinician should reinforce immediately after a response

true

Clinician should be consistent and clear, vary terms and phrases, and show positive emotion

vertical goal attack strategy

one or two target sounds or phonological processes are taught to a criterion before introducing the next target sound or phonological process

horizontal goal attack strategy

multiple targets are taught during each therapy session

cyclical goal attack strategy

a single target or phonological pattern is the focus of a single treatment period/time period and then the client moves to a different target. Can be beneficial for phonological processes

stimulus generalization

production of trained sounds in untrained stimuli such as words, phrases, sentences

stimulus across word positions

accurate production of a target phoneme in untrained word positions

generalization within sound classes

accurate production generalizes to untrained phonemes with similar production properties

generalization across sound classes

accurate production generalizes untrained phonemes that are different

generalization across situation

use of speech sounds in settings or with people where therapy had not been conducted

response topography

refers to production of the trained sound in untrained linguistic units of increasing complexity

physical production of speech sounds

The focus of therapy for traditional and motor-based approaches for speech sound disorders

the position and movement of the articulators

What do traditional and motor based approaches for articulation disorders address?

massed practice

practicing targets many times over a short period with a shorter time between sessions. may facilitate the acquisition and learning stage

distributed practice

how to set amount of therapy sessions over time, with more time between sessions. May facilitate retention

practice variability

refers to the variations in phonetic or motor sequences used as stimuli

knowledge of performance

provides more specific information about the production; may address positioning of the articulators, movement, or manner of production

knowledge of results

feedback about the accuracy of production

transition between KOP to KOR

How should feedback be provided?

isolation, nonsense or cv syllables, words, phrases, sentences, conversational or spontaneous speech

Phases of sound stabilization in order

production of sounds in isolation

sound establishment phase

successive approximation

shaping new sounds from sounds or articulatory postures already in the clients existing sound inventory

gradually decreases

Cueing in multiple phoneme approach

Word a client can accurately produce

What goes in the center of a training string?

take into consideration cognates that share place and manner production features

target selection for multiple phoneme approach

initial

Which is typically addressed first in a training string - initial or final sound?

self monitoring

depending on the type of feedback, the clinician may prompt the client to do this

1. tone, 2. phonatory control, 3. mandibular control, 4. labial-facial control, 5. lingual control, 6. sequenced movement, 7. prosody

Prompt levels in order by stages

based in motor learning theory

Strategy of PROMPT

the use of tactile cues and physical manipulation

Emphasis of prompt

children producing inconsistent speech sound errors

Core vocabulary approach is best suited for

improve intelligibility through the consistent production of target words that are functionally powerful and relevant to the specific communication vocabulary needs of the child

Core vocabulary approach goal

After two sessions, production consistency is assessed through a consistency probe in which the child produces each target word 3 times

The three trials are separated by therapy activities to reduce influence and enhanced performance that results from multiple repetitions

Consistency assessment with core vocabulary approach