MHS Module 1 - hydro, macro, dna p2

define hydrophilic:

• water loving

• includes ions and polar molecules

• interact with water

define hydrophobic:

• fear of water

• non polar molecules, fats and oils

• don’t interact with water

define a colloid + example:

• solution containing dispersed proteins or other large molecules:

  • blood plasma

define suspension + example

• large particles that settle out of solution:

  • whole blood

define pH:

the negative logarithm of the H+ ion concentration of a solution in moles per litre

differentiate between acidic, basic and neutral pH:

Acidic pH:

• high H+ concentration

• low OH- concentration

Basic pH:

• low H+ concentration

• high OH- concentration

Neutral pH:

• balance of OH and H ions

properties of acids

• adds H+ to a solution

• strong acids dissociate completely in solution

properties of bases:

removes H+ from a solution

strong bases completely dissociate in solution

properties of weak acids and bases

• fail to dissociate completely

• help to balance pH

what is the composition and function of a buffer

often involve a weak acid and its released salt (weak base)

neutralises strong acids or strong bases

name the important buffer system in humans

carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

define antacids

use sodium bicarbonate to neutralise HCl in the stomach

what are macromolecules made up of?

identical monomers join together to form a polymer

examples of macromolecules:

carbohydrates, lipids, glycoproteins and proteoglycans

what are carbohydrates?

• organic molecules (contain C, H, O IN 1:2:1 RATIO)

• consist of simple and complex carbohydrates

explain monosaccharides: + examples

small, 3-7 carbon atoms forming ring/chain

examples: glucose, fructose, galactose

explain disaccharides: + examples

2 monosaccharides condensed by dehydration synthesis

examples: sucrose, maltose

explain polysaccharides: + examples

polymers of many sugars condensed by dehydration synthesis

examples: glycogen, starch, cellulose

what are lipids?

hydrophobic molecules such as fats, oils and waxes

made mostly of C, H atoms

examples of lipids:

fatty acids, eicosanoids, glycerides, steroids, phospholipids, glycolipids

describe lipids:

long chain of carbon and hydrogen with a carboxyl (COOH) group at one end

non polar, except for carboxyl group

may be saturated or unsaturated

differentiate between saturated and unsaturated molecule

saturated: only single bonds

unsaturated:

• monounsaturated: 1 double bond

• polyunsaturated: 2+ double bonds

describe eicosanoids:

cannot be synthesised, obtained from diet

derived from a fatty acid called arachidonic acid

has 2 types: leukotrienes and prostaglandins

describe leukotrines

active in immune system

describe prostaglandins

short-chain fatty acids

local hormones

describe glycerides

fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule

prefix (mono, di, tri) represents number of fatty acids attached

function of glyceride:

energy source, insulation, protection

describe steroids: + examples

four ringed carbon structures with an assortment of functional groups

examples: cholesterol, estrogen/testosterone, corticosteroids and calcitrol, bile salts

describe phospholipids and glycolipids:

can be synthesised by our cells

contain a diglyceride attached to a phosphate group or a sugar

have hydrophilic and hydrophobic heads escrd

describe glycoproteins:

large proteins + small carbohydrates

include: enzymes, antibodies, hormones, and components of plasma membrane

mucus production

describe proteoglycans:

• large polysaccharides + polypeptides

• function: increased viscosity of fluids

what are nucleic acids:

large organic molecules found in the nucleus

store and process information

describe dna

• determines inherited characteristics

• directs protein synthesis

• controls enzyme production

• controls metabolism

describe RNA

controls intermediate steps in protein synthesis

structure of nucleic acids:

dna and rna consist of long chains of nucleotides (monomers) consisting of:

• a pentose sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)

• phosphate group

• nitrogenous base (a, u, g, t, c)

explain phosphorylation:

process of adding a phosphate group to another molecule

produces a high energy bond

differentiate between AMP, ADP and ATP

prefix represents how many phosphate groups there are

what is adenosine triphosphatase ?

enzyme that catalyses the conversion of ATP to ADP