Baylor DPT Anatomy Exam 2

Muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh

Rectus femoris

Vastus medialis

Vastus intermedius

Vastus lateralis

Sartorious

Pectineus

Iliopsoas

Rectus femoris OINA

0 - anterior inferior iliac spine and rim of the acetabulum

I - tibial tuberosity via the patellar ligament

N - femoral nerve

A - flex the hip and extend the knee

Vastus intermedius OINA

0 - anterior surface of the femur

I - tibial tuberosity via the patellar ligament

N - femoral nerve

A - extend the knee

Vastus lateralis OINA

0 - lateral surface of the femur

I - tibial tuberosity via the patellar ligament

N - femoral nerve

A - extend the knee

Vastus medialis oblique OINA

0 - medial surface of the femur and tendon of the adductor magnus

I - tibial tuberosity via the patellar ligament

N - femoral nerve

A - extend the knee (control tracking of patella)

Sartorius OINA

0 - anterior superior iliac spine

I - superior end of the medial surface of the tibia

N - femoral nerve

A - flexes and lateral rotates thigh at hip joint, weak abductor of thigh and weak flexorof the leg

Pectineus OINA

0 - pectineal line of the superior ramus of the pubis

I - pectineal line of the femur

N - femoral and obturator nerve

A - flex and adduct thigh

Muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh

Gracilis

Adductor longus

Adductor magnus

Adductor brevis

Gracilis OINA

0 - Inferior ramus of the pubis

I - medial surface of tibia, inferior to the condyle

N - adduct thigh, flex leg

A - obturator nerve

Adductor longus OINA

0 - body of the pubis

I - distal 2/3 of the linea aspera

N - obturator nerve

A - adduct and flex thigh

Adductor magnus OINA

0 - tuberosity and ramus of the ischium

I - linea aspera and adductor tubercle

N - obturator nerve and tibial portion of the sciatic nerve

A - adducts and flexes thigh, extends thigh

Adductor brevis OINA

0 - Inferior ramus of the pubis

I - femur

N - obturator

A - adduct and flex thigh

Gluteus maximus OINA

0 - ilium posterior to posterior gluteal line, sacrum, sacrotuberous ligament

I - gluteal tuberosity and iliotibial band

N - inferior gluteal nerve

A - extends the thigh when running and climbing, sit to stand

Piriformis OINA

0 - pelvic surface of the sacrum

I - greater trochanter

N - nerve to piriformis

A -lateral rotation and extension of thigh

Gluteus medius OINA

0 - ilium between iliac crest ad superior gluteal line

I - greater trochanter

N - superior gluteal nerve

A -abducts and medially rotates thigh

Obturator internus OINA

0 - obturator membrane

I - greater trochanter

N - nerve to the obturator internus

A - laterally rotates and extends thigh

Superior gemellus OINA

0 - ischial spine

I - greater trochanter

N - nerve to obturator internus

A - laterally rotates and extends thigh

Inferior gemellus OINA

0 - ischial tuberosity

I - greater trochanter

N - nerve to the quadratus femoris

A -laterally rotates and extends thigh

Quadratus femoris OINA

0 - ischial tuberosity

I - intertrochanteric crest

N - nerve to the quadratus femoris

A - laterally rotates and extends thigh

Gluteus minimus OINA

0 - ilium between superior and inferior gluteal lines

I - greater trochanter

N - superior gluteal nerve

A - abduct and medially rotate the thigh

Obturator externus OINA

0 - obturator membrane

I - trochanteric fossa

N - obturator nerve

A - adduct and laterally rotate the thigh

Tensor fascia lata OINA

0 -iliac crest

I - iliotibial band

N - superior gluteal nerve

A - abducts and flexes thigh

Muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh

Biceps femoris

Semitendinosus

Semimembranosus

Biceps femoris OINA

Long head

O - ischial tuberosity

Short head

O -linea aspera

I - head of the fibula

N -long head by the tibial portion of the sciatic, short head by the common peroneal portion of the sciatic

A - extend thigh and flex leg (knee)

Semitendinosus OINA

0 - ischial tuberosity

I - medial surface of tibia inferior to the condyle

N - tibial portion of sciatic

A - extend thigh, flex leg and medially rotate leg

Anterior compartment of the leg

Tibialis anterior

Extensor digitorum longus

Extensor hallucis longus

Peroneus tertius

Tibialis anterior OINA

0 - superior 2/3 lateral surface of tibia

I - medial cuneiform and base of first metatarsal

N - deep peroneal

A - dorsiflexion and inversion of foot

Extensor digitorum longus OINA

0 - superior 2/3 of the fibula

I - middle and distal phalanges of the lateral four toes

N - deep peroneal

A - dorsiflexion of the foot and extension of the toes

Extensor Hallucis longus OINA

0 - middle 1/3 fibula

I - base of distal phalanx of hallux

N - deep peroneal

A - dorsiflexion of the foot and extension of the hallux

Peroneus tertius OINA

0 - distal end of the fibula

I - base of the fifth metatarsal

N - deep peroneal

A - dorsiflexion of the foot and eversion of the foot

Muscles of the dorsum of the foot

Extensor digitorum brevis

Extensor hallucis brevis

Extensor digitorum brevis OINA

0 - calcaneus

I - long extensor tendons of digits 2-4

N - deep peroneal

A - extension of digits 2-4

Extensor Hallucis brevis OINA

0 - calcaneus

I - base of proximal phalanx of hallux

N - deep peroneal

A - extension of the big toe

Muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg

Peroneus longus

Peroneus brevis

Peroneus longus

0 - superior 2/3 of the fibula

I - base of the 1 st metatarsal and medial cuneiform

N - superficial peroneal

A - eversion and plantarflexion of the foot

Peroneus brevis

0 - distal end of the fibula

I - base of the 5th metatarsal

N - superficial peroneal

A - eversion and plantarflexion of the foot

Muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg

Gastrocnemius

Soleus

Plantaris

Flexor digitorum longus

Flexor hallucis longus

Tibialis posterior

Popliteus

Gastrocnemius OINA

0 -lateral head from lateral condyle of femur, medial head from medial condyle of femur

I - calcaneus

N - tibial nerve

A - plantarflexion of foot, flexion of leg (knee)

Soleus OINA

0 - posterior surface of fibula and tibia

I - calcaneus

N - tibial nerve

A - plantarflexion of the foot

Plantaris OINA

0 - lateral condyle of femur

I - calcaneus

N - tibial nerve

A - plantarflexion of the foot, flexion of leg

Flexor digitorum longus OINA

0 - tibia

I - distal phalanx of lateral four digits

N - tibial nerve

A - flexion of digits 2-5 and plantarflexion of the foot

Flexor Hallucis longus OINA

0 - fibula

I - distal phalanx of big toe

N - tibial nerve

A - flexion of hallux and plantarflexion of the foot

Tibialis posterior OINA

0 - tibia, fibula and interosseous membrane

I - navicular, cuneiform, cuboid and base of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th metatarsal

N - tibial nerve

A -inversion and plantarflexion of the foot

Popliteus OINA

0 - upper end of tibia

I - lateral condyle of femur

N - tibial

A - rotation of knee joint, knee flexion

Muscles of the first layer of the sole of the foot

Abductor hallucis

Flexor digitorum brevis

Abductor digiti quinti

Abductor hallucis OINA

0 - calcaneus

I - proximal phalanx

N - medial plantar nerve

A - abduct and flex hallux

Flexor digitorum brevis OINA

0 - calcaneus

I - middle phalanges of lateral four toes

N - medial plantar nerve A - flexes toes

Abductor digiti quinti OINA

0 - calcaneus

I - proximal phalanx

N - Lateral plantar nerve A - abduct and flex little toe

Muscles/tendons of the second layer of the sole of the foot

Flexor digitorum longus tendon

Flexor hallucis longus tendon

Quadratrus plantae

Lumbricals

Flexor digitorum longus tendon OINA

0 - tibia

I - distal phalanx of lateral four digits

N - tibial nerve

A - flexion of digits 2-5

Flexor hallucis longus tendon OINA

0 - fibula

I - distal phalanx of big toe

N - tibial nerve

A -flexion of hallux

Quadratus plantae OINA

0 - calcaneus

I - tendon of the flexor digitorum longus

N -lateral plantar nerve

A - redirect the line of pull of the tendons of the flexor digitorum longus

Lumbricals OINA

0 - tendons of the flexor digitorum longus

I - dorsal digital expansions

N - medial one by the medial plantar nerve, lateral three by the lateral plantar nerve

A - flexes the MPJ and extends the proximal IPJ of the lateral four toes

Muscles of the third layer of the sole of the foot

Flexor hallucis brevis

Flexor digiti quinti

Adductor hallucis

Flexor hallucis brevis OINA

0 - cuboid and lateral cuneiform

I - Proximal phalanx of the big toe

N - medial plantar nerve A -flexes the great toe

Flexor digiti quinti OINA

0 - base of the 5th metatarsal

I - proximal phalanx of the 5th toe

N -lateral plantar nerve

A -flex the little toe

Adductor hallucis OINA

0 - oblique head: base of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th metatarsals Transverse head: plantar ligaments of the lateral four MPJ

I - proximal phalanx

N -lateral plantar nerve

A - adducts the great toe, assists in maintaining the transverse arch of the foot

Muscles of the fourth layer of the sole of the foot

Plantar interossei

Dorsal interossei

Plantar interossei OINA

0 - medial sides of the 3rd, 4th, and 5th metatarsals

I - medial sides of the proximal phalanges of the 3rd, 4th, and 5th digits and extensor expansions

N - lateral plantar nerve

A -adduct to the line of the second toe

Dorsal interossei

0 - adjacent sides of the two metatarsals

I - #1 to medial side of the 2nd digit #2 to lateral side of the 2nd digit base of the #3 to lateral side of the 3rd digit proximal phalanx #4 to lateral side of the 4th digit

N -lateral plantar nerve

A - abducts from line of the 2nd toe

Contents of Femoral Triangle

Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve

Femoral nerve

Femoral artery and vein in femoral sheath

Profunda Femoris

Profunda Femoris artery

main supplier of blood to the thigh

originates from femoral artery

gives rise to the medial and lateral femoral circumflex arteries

Also called the deep femoral artery

Medial and lateral circumflex arteries

main suppliers to the head and neck of the femur

Dorasal venous arch

great saphenous vein

Perforating branches of veins

pump blood horizontally in venous system

Venous valves

Cup like endothelium that fill from above

Prevent reflux of blood distally

valve mechanism allows blood to overcome force of gravity

Valve mechanism allows blood to overcome force of gravity

Adductor canal location

The canal begins at the point where the sartorius muscle passes over the adductor longus muscle

It ends at the adductor hiatus in the tendon of the adductor magnus muscle

Adductor canal contents

Femoral artery and vein and saphenous nerve

Anterior compartment of the thigh rules

Knee extensors

(exceptions: only the quads extend the knee)

innervated by femoral nerve

(exception: pectineus is also innervated obturator nerve)

Medial compartment of the thigh rules

Hip adductors

innervated by the obturator nerve

(exception: adductor magnus is also innervated by the tibial nerve)

Posterior compartment of the thigh rules

Knee flexors and hip extensors

(exceptions: short head of biceps femoris only flexes the knee)

innervated by the sciatic nerve

(exceptions: all are innervated by the tibial portion of the sciatic nerve except the short head of the biceps femoris which is innervated by the fibular (peroneal) portion)

Thigh cutaneous innervation

Subcostal nerve (light purple)

Iliohypogastric nerve (posterior superior blue)

Ilioinguinal nerve (anterior green)

Genitofemoral nerve (anterior purple)

Lateral femoral cutaneous

Femoral nerve

Anterior femoral cutaneous nerve

Gluteal region muscles

Gluteus maximus

Gluteus medius

Gluteus minimus

Tensor fascia lata

Piriformis

Superior gemellus

Inferior gemellus

Obturator externus

Obturator internus

Quadratus femoris

Gluteal region boundaries

Superior- iliac crest

Medial- sacrum and coccyx

Inferior- sacrotuberous ligament and ischial tuberosity

Lateral- greater trochanter

Gluteal region cutaneous innervation

Superior cluneals (from dorsal rami of first 3 lumbar nerves)

Middle cluneals (dorsal rami of first 3 sacral nerves)

Inferior cluneals (posterior femoral cutaneous)

Subcostal, Iliohypogastric, and lateral femoral cutaneous may also reach this area)

Gluteal region rules

Primarily involved in abduction and lateral rotation of the thigh (ALL muscles in some degree)

Innervated by the superior and inferior gluteal nerves

and

smaller branches of the lumbosacral plexus (nerve to piriformis, superior gluteal nerve, nerve to obturator internus, nerve to quadrartus femoris, and obturator nerve)

Ligaments of gluteal region

sacrotuberous ligament (posterior)

sacrospinous ligament (anterior)

Gluteal arteries and nerves

All of the following can be visualized; read to know what to look for

Superior gluteal nerve and vessels

-Pass through the greater sciatic foramen

-Superior gluteal vessels provide superficial branches to the Gluteus maximus, pass between the Gluteus medius and minimus to reach the TFL

Inferior gluteal nerve and vessels

-Exit the greater sciatic foramen inferior to the piriformis and enter the deep surface of the gluteus maximus

Sciatic nerve and vessels

-Passes through the greater sciatic foramen

-It descends posterior to the obturator internus, gemelli, and quadratus femoris to enter the thigh

Posterior femoral cutaneous

-Runs medial to the sciatic nerve

-It supplies cutaneous information to the posterior thigh

Nerve to the obturator internus

-Exits greater sciatic foramen and passes immediately into the lesser sciatic foramen

-It supplies motor innervation to the obturator internus and superior gemellus muscles

Pudendal nerve and vessels

-Exit through the greater sciatic foramen and passes immediately into the lesser sciatic foramen just medial to the nerve to the obturator internus

Nerve to the quadratus

-Exits the greater sciatic foramen inferior to the piriformis and descends anterior to the obturator internus and gemelli muscles

-It innervates the inferior gemellus and quadratus femoris muscles

Posterior thigh cutaneous innervation

posterior femoral cutaneous nerve

Popliteal fossa boundaries

Superior lateral - biceps femoris

Superior medial - semitendinosus and semimembranosus

Inferior lateral - lateral head of the gastrocnemius

Inferior medial - medial head of the gastrocnemius

Roof - Fascia lata with branches of the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve and the lesser saphenous vein

Floor - Popliteal surface of the femur, Capsule of the knee joint, and Oblique popliteal ligament

Popliteal fossa contents

-Tibial nerve

-Common peroneal (fibular) nerve

-Popliteal vessels

-Origins of sural nerve

Popliteal artery branches

Anterior tibial artery (supplies anterior compartment of leg)

Posterior tibial artery (supplies posterior compartment of the leg)

Genicular anastomoses (supply the patella, knee capsule and surrounding bone)

Popliteal nerve branches

Tibial nerve

Common peroneal nerve

Deep peroneal nerve

Superficial peroneal nerve

Leg compartments

Anterior compartment of the leg rules

supplied by anterior tibial artery

innervated by deep peroneal nerve

foot dorsiflexors

Lateral compartment of the leg rules

supplied by the peroneal artery, (branch from the posterior tibial artery)

innervated by superficial peroneal nerve

evert and plantarflex the foot

Posterior compartment of the leg rules

supplied by the posterior tibial artery

innervated by the tibial nerve

plantarflex the foot

(exception popliteus)

Leg Cutaneous Innervation

Saphenous nerve

Sural nerve

Superficial peroneal nerve

Deep peroneal nerve

Path of tibial nerve

Tibial nerve travels with the posterior tibial artery down the back of the leg. It passes posterior to the medial malleolus and divides into medial and lateral plantar nerves in the sole of the foot

Path of the deep peroneal nerve

Deep peroneal nerve supplies muscular innervation to the anterior compartment of the leg.It runs with the anterior tibial artery and ends with branches innervating the ankle joint andskin between the first and second digits.

Path of the superficial peroneal nerve

Superficial peroneal supplies innervation to the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg. It then innervates the skin along the distal aspect of the anterior surface of the leg, dorsum of the foot and digits 3 to 5.

plantar aponeurosis

thickening of the plantar fascia, similar to that found in the palm of the hand

acts

Cutaneous innervation of the sole of the foot

Medial plantar nerve

Lateral plantar nerve

Saphenous nerve

Sural nerve

medial plantar nerve innervates

Crural definition

refers to the leg, specifically the part of the lower limb between the knee and the ankle

What does ASIS stand for

Anterior superior iliac spine

What does AIIS stand for

anterior inferior iliac spine

What does PIIS stand for

posterior inferior iliac spine

what does PSIS stand for

posterior superior iliac spine