CSD 301 Exam 4

Module 7

Overgeneralization

When a child applies a language rule too broadly (e.g., "goed"). Shows rule-learning.

Progressive -ing

A bound morpheme indicating an ongoing action (e.g., "Daddy driving"); mastered 19–28 months.

Plural -s

Morpheme marking more than one; phonological forms /ɪz/, /s/, /z/; mastered 27–33 months.

Possessive -’s

Morpheme showing ownership (e.g., "Sissy’s doll"); mastered 26–40 months.

Regular Past Tense -ed

Morpheme marking past actions; phonological forms /ɪd/, /t/, /d/; mastered 28–48 months.

Regular 3rd Person Singular -s

Morpheme added to verbs with 3rd-person singular subjects (e.g., “She runs”); mastered 26–46 months.

Phrase

A syntactic unit that does not contain both a subject and a predicate.

Noun Phrase Development

Begins with simple nouns → determiners + nouns → adjectives + nouns → post-modifiers (e.g., “the blue shoes in the box”).

Verb Phrase

Includes the verb and all following elements; complexity increases with auxiliary verbs.

Prepositional Phrase

Phrase beginning with a preposition showing location or relation (e.g., “in the box”).

Infinitive Phrase

“To + verb” (e.g., “to go”); develops from early forms like “wanna,” “gonna.”

Gerund Phrase

Verb + ing acting as noun (e.g., “Swimming is fun”).

Forms of To Be

am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been.

Copula

“To be” used as the main verb (e.g., “I am happy.”).

Auxiliary

“To be” helping another verb (e.g., “He is running.”).

Declarative Sentence

A statement.

Interrogative Sentence

A question; develops through inversion and added auxiliaries.

Negative Sentence

A sentence containing negation (e.g., “I don’t like that.”).

Clause

A group of words with a subject and a predicate.

Independent Clause

Clause that can stand alone (e.g., “Josh ate ice cream.”).

Dependent Clause

Clause that cannot stand alone (e.g., “While Josh ate ice cream”).

Phrase vs. Clause

A clause has a subject + verb; a phrase does not.

Complex Sentence

One independent clause + one or more dependent clauses.

Compound Sentence

Two independent clauses joined by a conjunction (e.g., “I like vanilla, but he likes chocolate.”).