20-6 NOTES CHEM

K_b

Base dissociation constant that measures the strength of a weak base.

Hydrolysis reactions

Reactions where a weak base reacts with water to produce hydroxide ions.

pOH

The negative logarithm of the hydroxide ion concentration in a solution.

Arrhenius base

Substances that release hydroxide ions in aqueous solution.

Strong bases

Substances that completely dissociate in solution to produce hydroxide ions.

Potassium hydroxide

A strong base that dissociates completely in water.

Barium hydroxide

Another strong base known for its complete dissociation in aqueous solution.

pOH method

A calculation method that involves finding pOH first before calculating pH.

K_w method

A calculation method using the hydroxide ion concentration to determine pH.

Oxide ion

A strong base that can react exothermically with water.

Hydride ion

A strong base that acts as a proton acceptor in reactions.

Amide ion

A strong base that generally undergoes hydrolysis.

Brønsted-Lowry bases

Substances that accept protons in a solution.

Partial ionization

A characteristic of weak bases where only a fraction ionizes in solution.

Base Dissociation Constant (K_b) expression

An equilibrium expression that quantifies the extent of ionization of a weak base.

Conjugate acid-base pairs

Acids and bases that differ by a single proton.

Auto-ionization of water

The process by which water molecules ionize to form hydronium and hydroxide ions.

Acid dissociation constant (K_a)

Measures the strength of an acid in solution.

Stronger acids

Acids that have higher exponent values in their dissociation reactions.

Weaker conjugate bases

Conjugate bases of strong acids that have a minimal tendency to accept protons.

Neutral base

A base that does not significantly affect the pH of a solution.

Anionic base

A negatively charged species that can accept a proton.

Hydroxide ion concentration

The amount of hydroxide ions present in a solution, influencing pOH and pH.

Equilibrium expressions

Mathematical representations of the ratios of the concentrations of products to reactants at equilibrium.

pH calculations

Mathematical methods to determine the acidity or basicity of a solution.

Base strength

The ability of a base to accept protons or release hydroxide ions.

Chemical applications

Practical uses of acid-base chemistry in various scientific fields.

Base ionization

The process through which a base dissociates into anions and hydroxide ions.

Exothermic reaction

A reaction that releases heat, such as some strong base reactions with water.

Ion product of water (K_w)

The equilibrium constant for the auto-ionization of water.

Acid and base reactions

Reactions that involve the transfer of protons between acids and bases.

pK relationships

Relationships that illustrate the connection between pKa and pKb values for acids and bases.

Hydrolysis error

Errors that arise from improper calculations of ionization for weak bases.

Chemical equilibrium

The state in which the concentrations of reactants and products remain constant over time.

Strong electrolyte

A substance that completely dissociates into ions in solution.

Weak electrolyte

A substance that partially ionizes in solution.

pH scales

A logarithmic scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.

Acid-base indicators

Substances that change color in response to changes in pH.

Dissociation degree

The extent to which a substance can separate into ions in solution.