Multicultural Psychology Final Exam

What is acculturation?

Experiences and changes that groups and individuals undergo when they come in contact with a different culture.

What distinguishes immigrants from refugees?

Immigrants move voluntarily and plan their move, while refugees are forced to leave due to war or political oppression.

What is the first stage of the refugee journey?

Predeparture: the force that compels leaving.

What is the final stage of the refugee journey?

Adaptation: adjustment to the new environment.

Define an assimilationist in the context of acculturation.

An individual who gives up their original identity in favor of the host culture's values and beliefs.

What does a separationist do?

Identifies with their original culture and rejects the host culture's values and beliefs.

What is a marginalist?

An individual who does not identify with either their original culture or the host culture.

What does an integrationist do?

Combines aspects of their own culture with those of the host culture.

What are common experiences of immigrants and refugees?

Language barriers, acculturation stress, changes in family roles, and cultural bereavement.

What is the health immigrant paradox?

The phenomenon where immigrants have better physical health and lower mortality rates than domestic-born individuals, which diminishes over time.

What is an ethnic enclave?

A geographic area where specific cultural minority communities maintain their ways of life separate from the larger community.

What percentage of current detainees in ICE facilities have no criminal convictions?

71.5%.

What are some struggles faced by undocumented children/youth?

Limited educational opportunities, fear of detention/deportation, trauma of separation, anxiety, and poor identity formation.

What is health psychology?

The study of psychological influences on health, illness, and responses to illness.

What are health behaviors?

Actions undertaken by people to enhance or maintain their health, such as exercising and maintaining a balanced diet.

What is the common-sense model in health psychology?

A model demonstrating representations, strategies, and outcomes regarding one's perception of illness symptoms.

What does the Health Belief Model measure?

It measures variables and characteristics of illness symptoms that influence actions towards that illness.

Define health disparities.

Preventable differences in disease burden, injury, violence, or opportunities to achieve optimal health experienced by socially disadvantaged populations.

What are the five social determinants of health?

1. Economic Stability 2. Education Access/Quality 3. Health-Care Access/Quality 4. Neighborhood and Built Environment 5. Social and Community Context.

What is an ethnic gloss?

A label used to identify cultural groups that have significant within-group heterogeneity.

What factors contribute to health disparities?

Racism, poverty, health-care access, structural barriers, and mistrust.

What did Williams & Mohammed (2009) find regarding health disparities?

Health disparities persist among people of color even when controlling for age, education, income, and health behaviors.

How can health care providers' biases affect patient care?

Lack of cultural knowledge, prejudice, and discrimination can negatively impact diagnosis and treatment.

What did the 1999 study find about Euro-American physicians?

They were more likely to misdiagnose heart attack symptoms in African-American patients compared to those with identical symptoms.

According to the USDHHS (2003), which populations were found to have higher use of physical restraints in nursing homes?

Latin-American and Asian/Pacific Islander populations.

What was reported by Roach (2003) regarding care levels among African Americans and Latin-Americans?

They were three times more likely to report lower levels of care.

What is the relationship between perceived bias and health outcomes according to Cain & Kingston (2003)?

Perceived/experienced bias can lead to negative emotions and stress responses, which can result in hypertension, poor mental health, and cardiovascular disease.

What disparity in COVID-19 medication distribution was noted by the CDC (2022)?

People of color were not evenly given COVID-19 medication.

Define Allostatic Load.

The physiological cost of chronic stress, which can manifest as high blood pressure, increased heart rate, and elevated blood sugar/cortisol levels.

What does lacking access to the healthcare system imply?

It results in no or poor access and quality of care.

What are structural barriers in healthcare?

They include factors like poverty and lack of culturally competent healthcare resources.

What historical event contributed to mistrust in the healthcare system among African Americans?

The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment.

Who was J. Marion Sims?

A male gynecologist who performed experimental surgeries on enslaved African-American women without anesthesia.

What is the DSM?

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, a primary reference manual used to classify mental disorders.

What is the purpose of the Outline for Cultural Formulation?

It helps mental health professionals systematically review a client's cultural background and the role of culture in symptom expression.

What are cultural syndromes?

Mental disorders characterized by unique clusters of symptoms that occur only in specific cultures.

What is 'Ataque de nervios'?

A cultural syndrome reported among Latinos/Hispanics, characterized by attacks of crying, trembling, and aggression, often unconsciously caused by evil spirits.

What does 'Kufungisisa' refer to?

An expression of excessive worrying, panic attacks, depression, and irritability.

What is 'Hwa-buang'?

A symptom experienced by mostly middle-aged Korean women due to restrained access to anger based on unfair circumstances.

What are cultural idioms of distress?

Unique ways that specific cultural groups express psychological distress.

Define somatization.

The expression of mental disorders through physical symptoms.

What is the difference between prevalence and incidence in mental health?

Prevalence is the current rate of a disorder at a given time, while incidence is the number of new cases during a specific period.

What did the American Psychiatric Association (2017) find regarding mental disorders among people of color?

Most people of color have lower rates of mental disorders, but the consequences of encountering these disorders may be long-lasting.

What is underdiagnosis in the context of mental health?

It refers to the issue of people of color being less frequently diagnosed with mental disorders.

What gender differences exist in reporting mental disorders?

Women report higher rates of internalizing disorders, while men report higher rates of externalizing disorders.

What are culture-bound values?

Core beliefs of one culture that may be inappropriate for another culture, such as individualism in collectivist societies.

What are class-bound values?

Core beliefs of one socioeconomic class that may not be appropriate for another class.

What impact do language variables have in mental health treatment?

Differences in language can act as a barrier between therapists and clients.

What is multicultural competence?

The ability to work effectively with individuals from different cultures.

What negative outcomes can arise from bias and microaggressions in mental health care?

They can lead to misdiagnosis, lower quality of care, distrust, emotional distress, disengagement, and poor treatment adherence.

What does Allport's Contact Hypothesis suggest?

That mere contact between different racial groups can reduce stereotypes and prejudice.

What was found about friendships in reducing prejudice?

Friendships have a greater impact on reducing prejudice than other types of interpersonal relationships.

What are the four optional conditions for positive intergroup contact?

1. Equal Status, 2. Common Goals, 3. Cooperation, 4. Institutional Support

What does 'Equal Status' mean in the context of intergroup contact?

Both groups must engage equally in the relationship, having similar backgrounds and characteristics.

What are 'Common Goals' in intergroup contact?

Groups involved should share superordinate goals that promote cooperation rather than competition.

What is the significance of 'Cooperation' in intergroup contact?

Both groups must work together towards their common goals to foster positive outcomes.

What is 'Institutional Support' in the context of intergroup contact?

Intergroup contact should be endorsed by relevant social authorities, laws, and customs.

What did Pettigrew & Troop (2006) find regarding intergroup contact?

Their meta-analysis showed that the four conditions have a moderate effect in reducing prejudice.

What types of changes can intergroup contact produce?

Increased knowledge about outgroups, reduced stereotyping, reduced negative expectations, reduced ingroup favoritism, increased perception of unity, and reduced intergroup anxiety.

What is a 'Superordinate Goal'?

A task that requires the cooperation of two or more individuals to be completed successfully.

What theory did Sherif propose regarding intergroup conflicts?

Realistic Conflict Theory: Intergroup conflicts occur when groups compete for limited resources.

What is the 'Common Ingroup Identity' concept?

It involves breaking down group category membership to re-conceptualize individuals as members of a larger in-group.

What was the aim of the Jigsaw Classroom intervention?

To form small, cooperative interdependent groups that work towards a common goal, reducing prejudice and stereotyping.

What did Rudman et al. (2001) find about education and prejudice?

Taking prejudice-related classes was shown to reduce both implicit and explicit racial bias.

What is the 'Fast Friends Procedure'?

A method developed to create closeness between individuals from different social groups through personal questions.

What is Attribution Theory?

A theoretical proposition about how people ascribe motives to their own and others' behavior.

What is the 'Fundamental Attribution Error'?

The tendency to overestimate personal characteristics while underestimating situational influences on behavior.

What was the outcome of Wilson & Linville's (1982) attributional intervention?

Students improved their GPAs and GRE performance after reattributing poor academic performance to unstable causes.

What is the difference between Incremental Theory and Entity Theory?

Incremental Theory believes intelligence can change, while Entity Theory views intelligence as fixed.

What did Aronson et al. (2002) aim to achieve with their intervention?

To reduce stereotype threat by promoting an incremental theory of intelligence among college students.

What are the findings of Stout et al. (2011) regarding women in STEM?

Exposure to same-sex experts in STEM led to more positive attitudes and greater self-efficacy in STEM.

What is Self-Affirmation Theory?

The theory that people are motivated to maintain their global self-integrity and control outcomes effectively.

What is a Values Affirmation Intervention?

An exercise where individuals write about their core values to reinforce self-integrity and reduce stress.

How do Values Affirmation Interventions benefit students of color?

They help buffer against stress and improve performance, reducing achievement gaps.

What is the Cycle of Adaptive Potential?

A positive feedback loop between self-perception of adequacy and social-system support.