Pathology of Infectious Diseases Week 1

Laryngitis

Inflammation of the larynx

Causes of laryngitis

Colds and flu

Acid reflux

Allergies

Inhaled steroids

Symptoms of laryngitis

Hoarseness

Sore throat (sometimes)

Coughing

Dysphagia

Bronchitis

Inflammation of the bronchi

Causes of bronchitis

Any respiratory infection

Smoking

Air pollution/environmental hazards

Symptoms of bronchitis

Cough

Mucus production

Dyspnea

Fever (mild)

Chest discomfort

Laryngotracheobronchitis

Swelling inside the trachea

Croup

AKA for Laryngotracheobronchitis

Causes of Laryngotracheobronchitis

Parainfluenza

Influenza

Bacterial infection (diphtheria)

Symptoms of Laryngotracheobronchitis

"Crow cough"

Respiratory stridor (can trigger hypoxic states)

Restlessness

Supra-sternal reactions

Steeple sign

Inflammation brings the airway to a steeple point seen on x-ray, a result of Laryngotracheobronchitis

Epiglottitis

inflammation of the epiglottis

Causes of Epiglottitis

Bacterial infection (haemophilus influenzae, strep A, B,c and C)

Viral infection (varicella zoster "chicken pox", influenza, common cold)

Respiratory fungi

Chemical or physical injury

Risk groups for Epiglottitis

12 months or younger (Hib "haemophilus influenzae B")

2-6 years of age

Males more than females

Symptoms of Epiglottitis

High fever

Sore throat

Hoarse voice

Drooling

Dysphagia

Restlessness

Breathing through the mouth

T or F: symptoms of epiglottis lessen when leaning forward or sitting upright

True

Pneumonia

Inflammation of the lungs with solidification from fluid

Bronchopneumonia

pneumonia caused by bronchitis,

Which type of pneumonia is visible on x-ray as a patchy consolidation "cotton candy lungs"?

Bronchopneumonia

Which type of pneumonia is common in smokers and alcoholics?

Lobar pneumonia

Which type of pneumonia is visible on x-ray as an entire lung becoming one big white mass?

Lobar pneumonia

Which type of pneumonia can potentially develop into lobar or bronchopneumonia?

Interstitial cell pneumonia

Which type of pneumonia is AKA "walking pneumonia"?

Interstitial cell pneumonia

Which type of pneumonia appears on x-ray as little white clumping throughout the lungs

Interstitial cell pneumonia

Types of pneumonia

Bacterial

Viral

Mycoplasma

Fungal

Hospital-acquired (HAP)

Community-acquired (CAP)

Aspiration pneumonia

ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)

T or F: Most times when people think they have the common cold, it is actually the prodrome of another virus

True

Family distribution of the common cold:

Rhinovirus (40%)

Coronavirus (20%)

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) (10%)

Parainfluenza (10%)

Other (20%)

Symptoms of the common cold

Sneezing

Inflammation of nasal cavity

Catarrhal discharge (snot)

Sore throat (indirect)

Cough (indirect)

Water eyes (indirect)

Mild headache (indirect)

Which form of influenza is the most severe and can affect both animals and humans?

Group A

What viral protein binds the virus to sialic acid and is used to enter cells?

Hemagglutinin

What viral protein is used to dissolve sialic acid and is used to exit cells?

Neuraminidase

What group of influenza primarily infects humans and is only capable of drift?

Group B

What group of influenza only infects human and can do neither shift nor drift?

Group C

What group of influenza only infects cattle and Straub will never have as the correct answer?

Group D

What is the reason for recurring epidemics?

Antigenic drift (exchange of genetic information in humans)

What is the reason for pandemics?

Antigenic shift (Abrupt, major change in influenza A viruses, creating a new strain)

Guillan-Barre syndrome

An acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy